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BOLOGNA VIAL. 257 BOLSWABD. ing, it is very friable, and a small angular fragment of any mineral allowed to drop into it at onee causes it to fly in pieces. It will he noticed, however, that a Bologna flask will bear a very heavy blow on the outside without being fractured. BOLOGNA STONE. A radiated or globular ".iriety of the mineral barite. It was originally obtained from a bed of clay in Mount Paterno, near Bologna, Italy, and attracted considerable attention because of the phosphorescence which it exhibited when thrown into a fire in the presence of charcoal. The mineral, when heated with powdered charcoal, is partially reduced to barium sulphide, which, if sealed up in glass tubes after exposure to the sun's rays, will phosphoresce in the dark with a brilliant orange- colored light. This has been long known as Bologna phosphorus, and has been used as a luminous paint for coating clock-faces, match- boxes, etc. BOLOGNESE, Jr., il bo'lS-nya'zfi. See Gri- MALIH. (t, F. BOLOGNESE (h.Vlr.'nvez' or bo'16-nez) SCHOOL OF PAINTING." A school of the lat- ter Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries, which originated in and remained intimately connected with the Ferrarese School (q-v.). The school usually meant by this name, howevei is the so- called Eclectic School, founded by tb3 Carraeci (q.v.) at Bologna about 1580. Like the contem- porary Naturalist School, it was a reaction against the Mannerist School of the Six- teenth Century, which imitated, in a mean- ingless manner, the forms of Michelangelo and Raphael. The Eclectic School of Bologna was the mother of modern schools of design. Its ])rogramnie was to unite the best points of the principal schools of the Italian Renaissance: Michelangelo's form, Titian's color, Correggio's light and shade, and Raphael's symmetry and grace. The result of such training was great technical skill, but a lack of originality. The school also placed weight upon the study of na- ture, especially from the nude, but not to the same extent as the Naturalists, by whom it was much influenced. Its most important repre- sentatives will be found treated under the titles Cakbacci; Reni, Guido; Domenichino ; Albani, Francesco; Guebcixo, Giovanni F. B. BlDLioGBAPUY. The best modern treatise on the Bolognese School is "Die Malerschule von Bo- logna," in Dohme, Kunst und Kiinstler Italiens, Vol. III. (Leipzig, 1879). See also Bolognini- Amorini, Vite dei pittori ed artefici liolognesi (Bolngna, 1843). Contemporaneous accounts are those of Malvasia, Felsina pittrice (Bologna, 1678; new ed. 1841): Baglione, Le rite dei piftori dal poniificaio del Oregorio XIII. (Rome, ir,40l. BOLOM'ETER (Gk. jSoX^, hole, a throw, sun- beam -f- lUrpov, metron, measure). An instru- ment invented by Prof. S. P. Langley for the detection of minute changes in temperature, particularly those due to the absorption of ra- diant energy, and for a comparison of quanti- ties of energy absorbed. It consists essentially of a balanced Wheatstone's bridge (q.v.), through which a feeble current is passing; one 'arm' of this bridge is composed of three strips of platinum blackened and exposed to the radia- t ion, e.g. from the sun : the temperature of this arm rises, its electrical resistance increas- ing; the balance of the bridge is thus destroyed, and there is a sudden deflection of the galvanom- eter-needle, varying with the amount of energy absorbed by the arm of the bridge. This in- strument was used originally by Langlej- in his investigation on the radiation from the sun; and within recent years, particularly in Langley's Astrophysieal Ob.servatory at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, the bolometer has prov- ed to be one of the most useful and reliable instruments for the study of radiation. The instrument is described in Vol. XVI. of the Proceedings of the American Academi/ of Arts and Sciences, p. 342 (Boston, 18S1), and in the Annals of the Astrophysieal Ohsenatory of the Smithsonian Institution, Vol. I. (Washington, 1000). BOLONDRON, l)i*)-lon'dr.-Jn. A town of Cuba, in tlie Province of Matanzas, about 35 miles southeast of Matanzas by rail (Map: Cuba, D 4). Population, in 1899,' 9200. BOLOR-TAGH, bS-lOr' t.ig' (Turk, bolur, snow cloud + iltigh, tat/h. mountain; cf. Ben- der is). A name formerly given to a mountain range supposed to extend in a north and south direction along the eastern edge of the Pamir plateau connecting the Himalaya, Karakorum, Kuen-ben, and Tian-Shan ranges. The Kizil- Yart Range, attaining in the peak of Mustagh- ata an elevation of nearly 26,000 feet, may per- haps be taken to represent the Bolor-Tagh. BOLSENA, bol-sa'na (anciently, Volsinii). An Italian town in the Province of Rome, sit- uated on the north shore of the Lake of Bolsena {Laciis Volsiniensis) , about 20 miles north-north- west of Viterbo. It was one of the twelve great cities of the Etruscans, but is now a town of little importance. The miraculous bleeding of the Host in the hands of a doubting priest at Bolsena caused the institution of the festival of the Corpus Domini, celebrated the Thursday following the first Sunday after Pentecost. The incident has been treated by Raphael. Half a mile from Bolsena are a few traces of the Etruscan city, and many fragments of the Roman one remain. The Lake of Bolsena is a fine ex- panse of water, about 10 miles long and 8 broad, and is supposed to be the crater of an extinct volcano. The Marta River carries its waters into the Mediterranean. It has two is- lands, Bisentina and Martana, w-hich were fa- vorite retreats of Pope Leo X. Martana is famous as the scene of the exile and murder of the Gothic Queen, Amalasuntha, by her husband, Theodaha<I. BOLSTER (akin to Engl, bole, stem, bowl, liollow vessel ) . A piece of soft wood covered with canvas, placed on the trestletree of vessels for the eyes of the topnuist rigging to rest upon, and thus prevent the injury to them which would result from being bent downward at a sharp angle. Pieces used for similar purjmses else- where are also called bolsters; and the name is applied to cushions of tarred canvas and rope which are used to prevent the stays from being chafed when the ship pitches. BOLSWARD, bfll'sviirt (anciently, Lat. Bol- veriUi) . An old town in the Netherlands, Prov- ince of Friesland. 20 miles southwest of I^eeu- warden (Map: Netherlands, D 1 ). It is surround- ed by a navigable canal. The Church of Saint Mar- tin, in the Gothic style, is the largest and hand- somest in Friesland. Bolsward's trade is con-