Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/363

BOKNHOLM. 333 BORO BUDDOR. clay is also obtair.cil for industrial uses. The inhabitants carry on successfully agriculture and cattle-raising and the manufacture of porcelain- ware. With the exception of the capital. Rijnne (population over 8000), there are no settlements, but separate fanns are scattered over the island. Population, in lOOl. 40,877. Independent prior to 1000, the island became a Danish possession, subsequently belonging to J,iil>eck in the Six- teenth Century and to S^eden in the Seventeenth Century, lint was returned to Denmark in 1660. BORNIER, bor'nyi', Hexri, Vicomte de ( 1825l;)0] ) . A French poet and dramatic au- thor. He was boni in Lunel (Herault), Decem- ber 27, 1825. and after pursuing his studies in Montpelliei- and elsewhere, went to Paris to be- come a law student. About the same time he published his Premieres feuilles of verse (1845), and had a play. Lc mariaijc de Luther, accepted conditionally at the Theatre Frangais. He re- ceived a post at the Biblioth^que de I'Arsenal, where he rose successively, till in 18S!) he became its administrator. Meantime he continued writ- ing, among his dramas being: Le mondc renversc (1853); Dante et Beatrix (185.3); Agamem- non, a tragedv in imitation of Seneca, pro- duced at the fheatre Francais in 1868; La fille de Roland, which had a great success in 1875; L'apdtre (1881); J/a7io»ie^ which, though re- ceived at the Theatre Francais, was in 1890 forbidden representation, at the request of the 'J urkish Ambassador: and Le fils de I'Aretin (1895). Besides his dramatic works, he was the author of numerous other publications in verse and prose. His poems on L'isthme de Huez (1861) and La France dans Vcxtreme Orient (1863), and his Eloge de Chateaubriand (1864), were crowned by the Academy. His verses on La muse de Corneille (1884), written for the Odeon, are also well known. He wrote sev- eral novels, among them La lizardiire (1883) and Le jeu des vertus, roman d'un auteur dramatique (1885). In 1893 he was elected a member of the Academy, and his Poesies com- pletes were republished the next year. His death occurred in Paris. January 27, 1901. BORNTT, bor-noo' (from the tribe Beravni, Bernuuni) . A State of the Sudan, oecupyi;ig the northeastern end of Northern Nigeria, be- tween latitudes 11° and 15° X. and longitudes 10° and 15° E.. and bounded by Sokoto, the Sa- hara, Lake Chad, and Kamerun (Map: Africa, ¥ 3). Its area is estimated at 50,000 square miles. The surface is mostly level, with the exception of the soiithwestern part, where some of the mountains rise to an elevation of about 2000 feet. The climate is excessively hot and unhealthful, the temperature not infre- quently rising above 100° during the summer. The rainy season lasts from five to seven months, and produces malaria and other diseases. The two principal rivers are the Shari and the Waube, both of which fall into Lake Chad. The soil is fertile, and, although the cultivation is very imperfect, produces plentiful crops of maize, millet, barley, rice, various kinds of pulse, cotton, and imligo. In its tlora and fauna liornu does not difTer much from the rest of Northern Nigeria. The industries of Bornu are not nu- merous, and are chiefly confined to the manufac- ture of cotton fabrics. In former years slaves were very extensively dealt in, and exported to many countries, slave-hunting constituting at that time one of the principal occupa- tions of the natives. At the head of the vState is a Sheik, who has absolute power. He is as- sisted by a council. Bornu is divided into sev- eral provinces, and has also a number of va.ssal States and dependencies. There is an army of about 5000 men. The capit.al is Kuka (q.v.), with a population of about 60,000. The ])opula- tion of Bornu is estimated at 5,000,000, ajid consists of a number of mi.xed negro races. The bulk of the population are known as the Ka- nowry, who are charr.cterized by a finer physique and a higher standard of intelligence than the rest of the population. The territory of Bornu was invaded in the Twelfth Century by the Moham- medan ruler of Kanem. After 200 j'ears of war- fare the aborigines were either extirpated or completely subjected, and from 1353 a line of kings ruled over the country. Bornu was at the heiglit of its power at the close of the Sixteentli Century, when its western frontier extended to the Niger River. After 1600 it un- derwent a rapid decline. In the beginning of the Nineteenth Century it was conquered by the Fellatahs. whose yoke, however, was soon shaken off, under the leadership of a fanatical fakir, named Mohammed el Kanemi, wliose services were called in by the Sultan, ilohamnied founded the town of Kuka, and ruled there under the title of Sheik, while the Sultan enjoyed onh* nominal power. Mohammed's son, Omar, be- came Sultan as well as Sheik. In 1882 Omar was succeeded by the Sultan Abu Bekr. Our scant knowledge of the country is due to the travels of Barth, Nachtigal, and subsequent French and German explorers. BO'RO BUD'DOR (Hind., Great Buddha). The ruin of a Buddhist temple in .Java, Resi- dency of Kadu, Regency of Magelang, and Dis- trict of ilinoreli, near the junction of the Ello and Progo. It is the most elaborate monument of the Buddhist style of architecture anywhere existing. Buddhism (q.v.) was early introduced into .Java, and t!ie building of Boro Buddor is assigned to the Seventh Century. It is a pyra- mid of a square form, eacli side at the base measuring 600 feet, an<l consists of seven walls, which are built like the steps of a stair up a hill. Between the walls are narrow terraces running round the building. The walls are richly ornamented with statuary. Outside are niches, each of which is occupied by a statue of Buddha, larger tlian life, seated in the u.svial attitude, with the legs crossed under the body. The number of these figures is abiuit 400. Be- tween each two of these are bas-reliefs represent- ing the god in the same altitude, besidesarchitec- tural ornaments and carvings of all sorts. Be- low the niches, on the lower story, is an im- mense ba.s-relief encircling the whole building, representing scenes from the life of Buddha, and religious subjects. The inner faces of the build- ing are also profusely ornamented with bas- reliefs, seated figures, and architectural orna- ments. The whole is a splendid artistic epitome of Buddhism just before its decline. The five lower c(mcentric terraces are on a square plan, and may represent a Buddhist vihara (q.v.) or monastery. The three uppermost terraces are circular, and represent the tope (q.v.). They lire surmounted each by a tier of small domes,.