BOBTNYANSKI. 328 BOSC. musical gifts, sent him to Italy. Under Galuppi, who had left Russia, and other famous masters, he studied for eleven years in ^■enice, Rome, Bo- logna, and Naples. He won success with his operas Creonte (Venice, 1776) and Quinto Fabio (Modena, 1778). but did not mistake his true vocation, and clung to the study of the great Italian church composers. His own compositions of this period are distinguished by the lofty no- bility and serenity of his models, with hardly a trace of the fioritures and pyrotechnics then in vogue in Italian music, and abundant in his operas. On returning to Russia (1779) he was appointed composer to the Court Choir. Paul I. transformed it in 1796 into the Imperial Capella, of which Bortnyanski was director till his very death. Finding the choir in a poor state, Bort- nyanski sought out the best voices in Russia, and in a few years the capella became the most famous in the world. In the service he also found many evils: ignorant choir-masters had altered the antique melodies to make their task easier, or had set the texts to secular melodies, trivial and out of keeping with the ehuroli atmos- phere. He obtained a decree of the Holy Synod to the effect that all part-music was to conform strictly with printed texts. For this purpose the music was revised and edited by Bortnyanski. Bortnyanski, often styled 'the Russian Pales- trina,' made an epoch in Russian churdi music. His compositions, especially the "Cherubim Song" (which, according to 0. Fouque, is the only one deserving that name), are performed in Christian churches the world over. They com- bine the austerity of the Greek psalmod}' with the Italian polyjihony. Their sim])le liarmonies embody the deeply devotional spirit of the texts, without studied eff'ects that only distract wor- shipers. Among his compositions, edited by Tschaikowsky in 10 volumes, are 35 sacred con- certos, 8 church trios with choir, a liturgy* for three voices, 7 cherubim songs, a collection of psalms, hymns of praise for four voices and two choirs, etc. Berlioz thus characterizes Bortnyanski: "All his works are imbued with a genuine religious feeling, at times a sort of mysticism which raises the liearer to an exalted state of emotion. In addition. Bortnyanski has a rare skill in group- ing vocal masses, an extraordinary knowledge of nuances, a sonorousness of harmony, and, wliat is most remarkable, an incredible freedom in the disposition of the vocal parts; a contempt forthe rules honored both by his predecessors and his contemporaries, especially the Italian masters, among wliose ]mpils he is usually counted." BORY DE SAINT VINCENT, bfi'rc' de s.in' v:'ix's;i>-', ,Ik.
Uaptiste Georce JIarik (17S0-
1846). A French naturalist, born at Agen. In 1798 )e started with Captain Baudin on a scien- tific mission to Australia, but was separated from his companion and explored the He de France, Reunion, and Saint Helena, alone. On his return he w-rote his Essai stir les lies for- tun^-cs et Vaniique Atlantide (Paris, 1803), and his Vonafic dints Ics qualrc prittcipalcs ihn dcs mers d'Afrif/tic (Paris, 1804). He served at Vim and Austerlitz, on Soult's staff in Spain, and as a colonel at Waterloo. After this he had to retire to Belgium, and at Brussels he edited, along with Van Mons, the Atinales des sciences physiques (8 vols). He also published an admirable work on the subterranean quarries in the limestone hills near Maestricht (Paris, 1821). He re- turned to France in 1820, and wrote for Liberal journals, and for Courtin's Encyclopi'die. In 1827 appeared his L'Hotitme, essai zoologiquc stir le giiirc hiimaiii. He rendered an important ser-ice to science by editing the Dictionnaire classiqiie de I'ltistoire naiurelle (1836). When, in 1829, the French Government sent a scientitie expedition to the Morea and the Cyclades, the first place in it was assigned to him ; and the results of his researches are given in his Expedi- tion scientifique de Moree (Paris and Strassburg, 1832) and in the Xouvelle flore dii I'eloponnise- et des Cyclades (Paris, 1838). In 1839 he under- took the principal charge of the scientific com- mission which the French Government sent to Algeria. BORYSTHENES, b6-rls'th«-nez. See Dnie- per. BORZNA, borznii'. A town in the Rus- sian Government of Tchernigov, situated a short distance north of the Desna and about 90 miles southeast of the town of Tchernigov (Map: Rus- sia, D 4). It has a number of tanneries and oil- presses, and a population of (1897) 12,458. BOR'ZOI. A Russian wolfhound. See Gret- uorxn. BOS, bOs, Lambert (1670-1717). A Dutch philologist. He was born at Workum, 'est Friesland. studied at the University of Franeker, and in 1704 was there appointed professor of Greek. All liis works are characterized by thor- ough scholarship and remarkable acuteness. They include ^'ettls Testamenlum ex Versione Septua- ginta Interpretum (1709; new ed. 1805); El- lipses Grwcw (1702; last reedited in 1808); Aniiqtiitatiim Crceearum Prcccique Atticarum, Descriptio lirevis (1714; Eng. trans., 1839); and Animadversiones ad Scriptorcs Quosdam Gra:cos (1715). BOSA, bn'si. An episcopal city in the Prov- ince of Cagliari, Sardinia, on the west coast, near the mouth of the Tenioe (Map: Italy, C 7). It is an unliealthy town, surrounded by decaying walls, lias an old castle, a cathedral, coral fish- eries, and tanneries, and is visited fortnightly by coasting steamers. The country produces wine and oil. Population, in 1881 (commune), 6696; in inoi, 6840. BOSANQUET, bi'san'kA', Bernard (1848 — ). An Kiiglish pliilosopher. He was born at Rock Hall. Alnwick, and was educated at Oxford. He has liecn president of the Aristotelian Society and of the London School of Etliics and Social Philosophy. From 1871 to 1881 he lectured at LIniversity College, Oxford. He is largely engaged in social work, jiarticuhirly in con- nection with the .Charity Organization Society. Among his numerous important publications are the following: Civilization of Christendom (1893); Essentials of Logic; Aspects of the Social Problem (1895): Philosophical Theory of the State. He has also edited a translation of Lotze's System of Philosophy (London, 1887). BOSBOOM - TOXISSAINT, bos'bom-too'saN'. See I'orssAi.Nr. Anna Louisa Gekrtruida. BOSC, t)«sk. LolIS AUGl'STIN GflLLAfME (1759-1828). A French naturalist. He visited the United States in 1790 to study the natural history of America, and afterwards traveled in Italy," and was a professor at the Versailles
