Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/416

BOUQUET DE LA GBYE. 366 BOURBON. hydrographique sur la bale de La Eochelle; Paris, Port de Mer; Notes sur les sondes faitcs par de grandcs profondeurs. BOUQUETIIT, boo'k'-taN' (Fr., for OF. bouc d'estdiii: hour, goat + de, of + estain, carded wool) . A wild goat, steinboek, or ibex, especially that of the Alps or Pyrenees. See Ibex. BOUQUET (bro-ka'-) OF WINE (Fr. 601/- quet, nosegay, bunch of flowers, OF. bosquet, (Uuiin. from' Low Lat. boscus, thicket). A flavor or aroma characteristic of the better class of wines, and due chiefly to the presence of volatile constituents, as alcohols and ethers. According to some authorities, the characteristic bouquets of wines are caused by the difl'erent kinds of yeast used in the various districts; the same must, fermented with yeasts from several different districts, has yielded wines possessing different bouquets. On the other hand, the bouquet of the wine from Riesling grapes is said to be caused by the action of frost. BOUKBAKI, boor'ba'ke', Charle.s Denis Sauter (1810-07). A French general. He was born at Pau, was educated at Saint-Cyr, served for some time in Algeria and rose to the rank of brigadier-general in 1854. In the Crimean War he won distinction at the Alma, at Inkerman, and in the assault on Sebastopol. He also par- ticipated in the Italian campaign of 1859. In 180!) he was commander of the second camp at Chalons, and aide-de-camp to the Emperor. In the war with Germany he was placed in com- mand of the Imperial Guard and took an impor- tant part in the conflicts around Metz. After having been for a short time at the head of the Army of the North, he was in December, 1870, placed in command of the Army of the Centre, soon transformed into that of the East. The ad- vance of Bourbaki forced Von W'erder to evacu- ate Dijon on December 27, but his attack upon Von Werder's position at llericourt before Bel- fort (January 15-17, 1871) was repulsed. He ■was compelled to retreat, but, finding his way to- ward Lyons cut off by the German Army of the South, "was driven to despair by his hopeless situation and attempted suicide, but the wound (a pistol-shot in the head) was not fatal. As soon as his condition permitted, he returned to France, and was appointed to the command of an armv corps at Lyons in .luly, 1871. He re- tired in' ISSl. BOURBON, bnnrlion. Fr. pron. IiTmr'boN', Hou.SE OF. . younger branch of the Capetian family of France, representatives of which occu- pied several European thrones after the Six- teenth Century. The house derived its name from the castle and seigniory of Bourbon, in the former Province of Bourbonnais. in the centre of France, where now stands the little town and watering-place of Bourbon-TArcluimbault. Tlu; first lord or sire of this family of whom his- tory makes mention was AdhCMiiar, at the be- ginning of Ibe Tenth Century. The fourth in succession from him, .-rchambault T.. adiled the name of the family castle to his own. Under his successors, who also bore the name of Arch- ambault. the family possessions were soon very much increased. .t length the seigniory of Boir- bon devolved upon an heiress, who in 1272 mar- ried Robert, the sixth son of Louis IX. of France. It thus passed to a branch of the royal family of the Capetians, under whom it was converteil into a duchy. The principal branch of this family was, in 1523, deprived of all its dignities and pos- sessions, because the Duke, Charles de Bourbon (q.v.), the famous Constable, allied himself with Charles V. against Francis I. of France. Of the collateral branches, that of VendOme ac- quired great importance, first attaining by mar- riage, in the person of Antoine de Bourbon. Duke of Vendome, the throne of Navarre; afterwards by inheritance the throne of France, in the per- son of Henry IV., on the extinction of the male line of the house of Valois (q.v.) ; and by fortune of war the thrones of Spain, Naples, and Parma. Among the numerous other collateral branches may be mentioned those of Montpensier. De la Marche, Conde, Conti, Soissons. and Orleans. Only a few members of the collateral lines, how- ever, have borne the name of Bourbon; for exam- ple, the Cardinal Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendome, who, under the name of Charles X., was set up by the Catholic League as a rival king to Henry IV. The ducal dignity was revived by Louis XIV. in the house of Conde (q.v.), so that the eldest son of that house .should bear the title of Duke of Bourbon. The dynasty of the Bourbons in France begins with Henry IV. ( q.v. ) , who, after the assassina- tion of Henry III., became, by virtue of the Salic law (q.v.), the heir to the French throne. Through his father, Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre and Duke of Vendome, he was de- scended from Robert, son of Louis IX., and hus- band of Beatrix, heiress of Bourbon. On his assassination in 1610, he left, by his second wife, Maria de' Medici, five legitimate children ; ( 1 ) Louis XIII., his successor on the throne; (2) Gaston, Duke of Orleans (q.v.), who died in 1060, and left -no male heirs; (.3) Elizabeth, married to Philip IV. of Spain; (4) Chris- tina, married to Victor Amadcus, afterwards Duke of Savoy; (5) Henrietta, married I0 Cliarles I. of England. — Louis XIII., on his death in 164.3, left two sons by his Queen, Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III. of Spain: (1) Louis XIV.. his successor; and (2) Philip, who received from his elder brother the title of Duke of Orleans, and was the foinider of the family which has become the younger Bour- bon dynasty. — The dauphin Louts, son of Louis XIV. b.y his marriage with Mari.a Theresa of Spain, died in 1711. and left three sons by his marriage with Maria Anna of liavaria: (1) Louis, Duke of Burgimdy ; (2) Philip, Duke of Anjou, who afterwards became King of S])ain, as Philip v.; (3) Charles, Duke of Berry, who died in 1714. — Louis, Duke of Burgundy, died in 1712. By his wife, Maria Adelaide of Savoy, he had tlireo sons, of whom two died in early youth, the only one who survived be- ing Louis XV., who succeeded his grcatgrand- father, Louis XIV., in 1715. — Louis X'. hav- ing married IMaria Leszezynska. daiigliter of the dethroned King Stanislas of Polancl. had by her a son, the dauphin Louis, who married Maria Josepha of Saxony, and died in 17(i5, leaving three sons: (1) Louis XVI., who succeeded his grandfather, Louis XV., in 1774; (2) Louis Stanislas Xavier. Count of Provence, afterwards Louis XVIII.; (3) Charles Philippe, Count of Artois. afterwards Charles X. — Louis XVI. had three children by his Queen, Marie Antoinette of .Austria: (1) The daujihin Louis, who died in 178!); (2) Louis, called Louis XVII., who died