Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/537

BREWING. 473 BREWSTER. are changed to a substance known as diastase, which has the power to chanjre the insoluble Btarch of the j;r:iin into dextrin, and then into glucose or grape-sujiar, both of whieh substances are soluble in water. This conversion takes place during the steeping of the mash. During fermentation the glucose which has been formed in steeping is deeomjiosed by the action of the yeast into alcohol and carbonic-acid gas. Va- rious minor chemical reactions occur during all of these processes, for the explanation of which special treatises on brewing and fermentation may be studied. Adulter.tiox. Broadly defined, adulteration may be said to be the use of any substitute, whether wholesome or injvirious. in place of the barley, malt, or the hops. In England, the ad- mittedly wholesome adulterants for malt usually consist of a preparation of raw grain, or what are known as brewing-sugars. A popular manu- factured substitute for nuilt is 'dextrin mal- tose,' which is made from raw starch treated with dilute acid until the relative proportions of the two substances, dextrin and maltose, are similar to those of nonnal malt wort. Among the injurious adulterants are wormwood, aloes, picric acid, and strychnine. These are rarely, if ever, employed abroad, and probably very much less than is generally assumed in the United States. It is a common practice in America, however, for beer to be sold before the final cur- ing in the casks is accomplished, and to pro- duce the "life' or appearance which this final fermentation brings about, capsules of sodium bicarbonate are introduced into the casks. BREWSTER, Bek.i.min Harris (1816-88). An American lawyer. He was born in Xew .Jer- sey, graduated at Princeton in 1834, and was admitted to the bar of Philadelphia in 1838. He was appointed Attorney-General of Pennsyl- vania in 1807, and during his term of otlice suc- ceeded in breaking up the notorious 'Gettysburg Lottery' scheme. From 1881 to 1885 he was Attorney-"General of the United States, in Presi- dent Arthur's Cabinet, and in this capacity con- ducted the "Star Route' trials with great energy and ability. BREWSTER, CnAtxcEY BrxcE (1848—). An American Protestant Episcopal bishop. He was born at Windham. Conn., and was educated at Yale University and at Trinity College, Hart- ford. After occuping i-e<'torates at Rve, N. Y. (1873-81), Detroit" (1881-85), Baltimore (188.5- 88), and Brooklyn (lS88-'.)7), he was in 1899 elected Bishop of Connecticut. The following are his principal publications; The Key of Life, a series of Good Triday addresses ( 1894 ) ; A.i- pects of liecelation (II'OI). BREWSTER, Sir DAVin (1781-1808). An eminent Scotch physicist, born at ■Icdburgh. He was educated for the Church of Scotland at the Iniversity of Edinburgh, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Edinburgh. Instead of following the life of a clergyman, he devoted himself to scientific study and research and litera- ture, and in 1808 he liecame the editor of the /•>/- inhurgli Enci/clopfrdia. to which he contributed many important scientific articles. Previous to this he had entered deeply on the study of optics, with which his name is now cnduringly associated. The optical toy called the kaleidoscope was invent- ed by him in 1816, and he published a treatise on the instrument three years later. The stereoscope is also largely his invention, the honor being shared with W'heatstone, though the divided lenses and their arrangement are due entirely to Brewster. In 1817. in conjunction with Pro- fessor Jameson, he edited the Eitinhiirtjh I'hilo- liophical Journal, the name of which, in 1819, was changed to the Ediiibiirffh Journal of Sci- ence, and in 1831 he was one of the founders of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Brewster's scientific work brought to him many honors. In 1815 he obtained the Copley ^ledal of the Royal Society for one of his o|)tical discoveries, and soon after was elect- ed a fellow. In 1810 he received half of the physical prize bestowed by the I'rench Institute for two of the most important scientific dis- coveries made in Europe during the two preced- ing years. In 1819 the Royal Society awarded him the Rumford gold and silver medals for his discovery connected with the polarization of light. In 1825 he became corresponding mem- ber of the Institute of France. In 1831 he was knighted and had a pension conferred upon him. In 1838 he was chosen principal of the united colleges of Saint Leonard and Saint Salvador, Saint Andrews. In 1849, on the death of Ber- zelius in the preceding year, he was elected one of the eight foreign associates of the French In- stitute, the highest scientific distinction in Eu- rope. Brewster was also a member of the Im- perial and Royal academies of Saint Petersburg, Berlin, Copenhagen, and Stockholm, and a for- eign associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ignited States. He presided over the British Association, and in 1851 over the Peace Congress held in London. In 1859 be was chosen vice-chancellor of the University of Edin- burgh. His principal work is his hifc of New- Ion, first published in 1828, and issued in a totally new and greatly enlarged fonn in 1855. Among his other works are his interesting Let- ters on- yaturnl Mnqie, addressed to Sir Walter Scott; More Worlds Than One (1854); his treatises on the kaleidoscope and on optics (Cabinet C'l/rlopcedia) : his Martyrs of (Sci- ence : and his treatises in the Encyelopcvdia, Britanniea on electricity, magnetism, ojitics, the stereoscope, etc. Among the periodicals to which he contributed largely are the Edinburf/h and Xorth liritish Reviews. Consult Gordon, Home Life of Brewster (Edinburgh, 1809). BREWSTER, Frederick Carroix (1825- 98). An American lawyer, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at the University of Pennsyl- vania, was admitted to the bar in 1844. and from 1862 to 1800 was city solicitor. In 18(>0 he be- came judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and in 1S09 State Attorney-Cicneral. He was instru- mental in obtaining for the city of Phihidcliihi.a the Stephen Girard bequest and the Schuylkill River Bridge. His publications include a Di- (/est of Pennsylvania Cases (1809); Brewster's Ueporls (4 vols., 1809-73) ; and Practice in Pennsylvania Courts (1888). BREWSTER, Wti.t.iam (c.l5C0-c.lC44). A IcailiT nf the 'Pilgrims,' generally known as Elder lirewstcr, who came to . ierica in the Mtijllloirer in 1020. He was bom at Scrooby, Xottinghamshire. studied for a time at Cani- hriilge. and from 1584 to 1587 was in the service of illiani Davison, then Ambassador to the Low