Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/569

BKIDGEWATER. 495 BRIDGNORTH. London, Xoveuibcr 11, 175G, and succeeded his brother as Earl in 1823. lie was educated at Oxford, becoming fellow of All Souls College, 1780. The same year he became prebendary of Durham, in 1781 rector of Middle, and in 1797 of Whitchurch, both in Shropshire, and he held these preferments till his death. He was prince of the Holy Roman Empire. He was very eccen- tric, for his home in Paris, where he lived the lat- ter part of his life, was fiiled with cats and dogs, some dressed up as men and women, and he drove them out in his carriage and fed them at his table, ien he died immarried, in Paris, Febru- arv 11, 1829. the title became extinct. By his last wi'll, dated February 25, 182.5, he left £8000, in- vested in the public funds, to be paid to the au- thor of the best treatise On the Power, 'Wisdom, and Goodness of God as Manifested in the Crea- tion, illustrating such work by such arguments as the variety and formation of God's creatures in the animal and vegetable and mineral kingdoms, the effect of digestion, the construction of the hand of man, and by discoveries, ancient and mod- em, in arts, sciences, and the whole extent of lit- erature. The then president of the Royal Society of London. Davies Gilbert, to whom the selection of the author was left, with the advice of the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Lon- don, and a noble friend of the deceased Earl, ju- diciously resolved that, instead of being given to one man for one work, the money should be allot ted to eight different persons for eight separate treatises, though all connected with the same primary theme. (See Bridgewatek Tre.tises. ) He ^^Tote himself a number of books, biographical, historical, and scientific. He left his manuscripts to the British JIuseum, T-ith £12,000 to keep up the cnllection. The MSS. relate mostly to French and Italian history and literature. BRIDGEWATER MADONNA, The. A painting of the Virgin holding the Child in her lap. by Raphael (1512). It hangs in Bridge- water House, London. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. Eight cele- brated works On the Fouer. Wisdom, and Good- ness of God, by eight of the most eminent authors in their respective departments, pub- lished under a bequest of the last Earl of Bridge- water (q.v.), whereby each received £1000 with the copyright of his own treatise. They are Thomas Chalmers, The Adaptation of External yature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitu- tion of Man (London, 183.3) ; William Prout, Chemistry, Meteorology, and the Function of Di- gestion Considered tcith Reference to Satural Theology (London, 1834); William Kirby, IJis- iory, Hahils, and Instincts of Animals (London, 18,35) ; Buckland, Geology and Mineralogy (London, 1837); Charles Bell, The Hand: Its mechanism and Vital Endouments as Evincing Design (London, 1837) ; .John Kidd, Adaptation of External Mature to Physical Condition of Man (London, 1837) ; William Whewell, Astron- omy and General Physics Considered vAth Refer- ence to Natural Theology (London, 1839) ; Peter Mark Roget, Animal and Vegetable Physiology Considered with Reference to Natural Theology (London, 1840). BRIDG^MAN, Elij.mi Coleman (1801-61). An American missionary to China. He was born in Massachusetts, was a graduate of Amherst (1826) and of Andover (1829). He went as missionary to China in the year last named, and joined Dr. Morrison at Canton. Having learned to speak and write the Chinese language, he acted as oHicial interpreter for the Imperial Commis- sioner Lin (1839), and afterwards as interpret- er ami secretary to the I nited States Minister, Caleb Cushing (1844). Tlic Chinese Repository, a vahuible magazine, was founded by him. In 1847 he established a mission station at Shang- hai, where his version of the Bible was printed. His Chinese Chrestomathy, in the Canton dialect, a quarto of 734 pages, printed and contributed to by S. Wells Williams, was the first practical manual of the Cantonese dialect prepared in China. He died in 1861 at Shanghai, in the full- ness of his powers. BRIDGMAN, Frederick Abtiiur (1847 — ). An American painter. He was born at Tuskegee, Ala., November 10, 1847. From 18G3 to 1866 he was a steel-engraver for the American Bank Note Company. In the latter year he went to Paris, where he studied under CJerome. He went to Africa in 1872 and then became a painter of that region, following somewhat the sub- jects treated by his master, but with a more brilliant sense of color than GcrOme possessed. His first picture to attract notice was entitled "■An American Circus in Normandy," in which characteristic American tvpes in the perform- ers were in interesting contrast to the French peasants who filled the seats. It was also more naive in treatment than his later works, which showed greater skill and facility. His "Burial of a Mummy" took a prize at the Paris Ex- position of 1878. He was appointed a Chev- alier of the Legion of Honor, and a member of the National Academy of Design, New York, and of the Society of American Artists, He exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1900 "Pharo" and '•L'Arabe." Consult Muther. His- tory of Modern Painting (London, 1890). BRIDGMAN, Herbert Lawrence (1844 — ). An American journalist and Arctic explorer. He was born at Amherst, Mass,, graduated in 1806 at Amherst College, entered journalism, and be- came associate editor of the Brooklyn (N. Y.) Standard-Union. He accompanied and was his- torian of the Peary auxiliary expedition in 1894; in 1897 assisted Professor Libbey of Princeton L'niversity in scaling the Mesa En- cantada ('Enchanted Mesa") of New Mexico; and in 1899 commanded the Peary auxiliary expedition on the steamship Diana. BRIDGMAN, Lavra Dewey (1829-89). A famous blind deaf-mute, born in Hanover, N. H., December 21, 1829. As the result of a violent fever, at the age of two, she lost sight, smell, and hearing. When she was eight years old. Dr. Howe, of Boston, undertook her education, and, after long and jjatient lal)or, succeeded in teach- ing her to read and write well, and to think clearly, so that she was later employed in teach- ing others. Consult Lani])son, Life and Educa- tion of Laura Dewey liridgman (Boston, 1878). BRIDGNORTH (for Jiruggc Morfc, the bridge of the wood >Iorfe, on the opposite bank of the Severn). A town of Shropshire, England, on both sides of the Severn. 20 miles southeast of Shrewsbury (Map: England, D 4). It consists of an upper and a lower town i-oniiectcd by a bridge over the Severn. A tower, all that remains of the ancient Norman castle, stands on a rock fiO