BKOOKE. 5i3 BB0OB.LYJJJ. kenny, Ireland, November 14, 1832. He was f^racliiated at Trinit.y College, Dublin (1856); took orders in the Anglican Church, and after holding various curacies in London and its vicin- ity was made chaplain in ordinary to the Queen (1872). In 1880 he seceded from the Anglican Communion, affirming his disbelief in the accept- ed doctrine of miracles, .mong his many works which display literary sense may be mentioned: Life of Frederick W. Jioherlsoii (18C5); The- ology in the English Facts (1874) ; .1 Primer of English Literature (1870), which was revised and enlarged in 18i)G; .s'trmoMs (6 vols., 1868- 88) : Forms (1888) : .Study of Tennyson (1889) ; and E)iglish Literature to the Xorman Conquest (1898).' In conjunction with T. W. RoUeston, he edited .1 Trcasuri/ of Irish Poetry in the Eng- lish Tongue (1901)." BROOK FARM. A socialistic community, founded in 1S41, by the Brook Farm .ssociation of Education and Agriculture at West Roxbury, Mass., which in its later history partially adopted the views of Fourier. The organizer and guiding spirit of the association was George Rip- ley. He gathered around him a number of per- sons of exceptional intellectual powers, chief
- imong them being Hawthorne, Alcott, George W.
Curtis. V. B. Channing, Charles A. Dana, and ^Margaret Fuller. The aim of this association, as explained by Ripley, was "more effectually to promote the great purposes of human culture, to establish the external relations of life on a basis of wisdom and purity," and, especially, "to sub- stitute a system of brotherly cooperation for one of selfish "competition." All memliers. without distinction of sex. had to labor an allotted period each day for the common good, either on the farm or in the workshop attached to the main institu- tion. In pursuance of the attempt toward a more just recompense for labor, all employments were paid substantially alike. .VII shared the same food at the same table, all owned a like portion of the property belonging to theestablishment, all had equal access to its educational and literary advantages. The society trafficked with the out- side world, selling its surplus produce, and edu- cating children at a low rate of compensation. But it was soon found that enough could not be earned for the needs of the establishment, ilore- cver, many of its brightest ornaments giewweary and left it. The remainder were disheartened. On March 3. 1846, a fire destroyed one of the most important and costly buildings. The association never recovered from this blow. It lingered on for a while and finally dissolved in October, 1847. .Much of the celebrity attached to this organiza- tion is due to Hawthorne's Blithedale Romance, in which, under the guise of fiction, he has evi- dently utilized many of his experiences at Brook Farm". Consult: CoAman. Brook Farm Memories (Boston, 1849); Russell, Home Life of the Brook Farm Association (Boston, 1900) ; Swift, Brook Farm: Its Members, Scholars, and Vis- itors (New York, 1900). See Communism; FOURIEB. BROOKTIELD. A city in Linn Cotmty, Mo., about 100 miles east of Saint .Toseph : on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. It contains a public library. The industries are represented by railroad shops, iron-works, lum- ber-mills, flouring-mills, brick-yards, grain-eleva- tors, etc. (Map: Missouri, C 2). Coal is exten- sively mined in the vicinity, and forms, with grain, farm produce, and live stock, the bulk of a considerable export trade. Settled about 1860, Brookfield was incorporated in 1865. Population, in 1S90. 4547; in 1900, 5484. BEOOK'HA VEN. The county-seat of Lin- coln County, Miss., 55 miles south by west of Jackson; on the Illinois Central Railroad (Map: Mississippi, E 7 ) . It is the seat of the Whit- worth Female College (Methodist Episcopal, South), opened in 1857. The city is the centre of an agricultural and lumbering region, has an important cotton trade (between 25,000 and 28.000 bales annually), and contains machine- shops, a cotton-compress, a cottonseed-oil mill, lumber-mills, etc. The water-works and electric- light plant are owned and operated by the city. Population, in 1890, 2142: in 1900, 2678. BROOK'ITE (named for the English crys- talIograi)her H. J. Brooke). A yellowish to reddish-brown and black titanium dioxide that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. Large crystals of it are found in the Tyrol, and a variety, called arkansite and consisting of thick black 'crystals, is found at Magnet Cove, Ark. BROOKLIME (Veronica bcccahunga). A species oJ speedwell. It is common in ditches, brooks, and wet places in Europe. In the United States, Veronica .imericana, 'hich is sometimes called the American brooklime. occupies similar situations. It is a perennial plant, with mostly pedicled, ovate or oblong leaves, and bluish flowers in aiLxiliary racemes. BROOK'LINE A town in Norfolk County, Mass., including the villages of Cottage Farm, Longvood, and Reservoir Station, 3 miles west of Boston ; on the Boston and .Albany and the New England railroads (Map: Massachusetts, E 3) . It is one of the most beautiful suburbs of Boston, with which it is connected by elec- tric railroads: it is the seat of Riding Academy, and has a public library of about 45,000 vol- umes. There are manufactures of electrical supplies and screens of various kinds. The government is administered by town meetings. First settled as early as 1635. Brookline was known as the 'Hamlet of iluddy River' until, in 1705, it was incorporated as a town under the present name. Frequent attempts have been made to annex it to Boston, but have so far failed. In 1800 its population was only 605, and in 1840. 1265: but since it became a fashionable residence district its growth has been more rapid. Population, in 1890, 12,103; in 1900, 19,935. Consult: Woods, Historical iSketches of Brook- line (Boston, 1874), and Bolton, Brookline: The History of a Favored Town (Brookline, 1897). BROOKLYN, bruk'lin (originally, Breucke- len; see below). A borough of New York City, coextensive with Kings Coimty, N. Y., until 1898 a separate city, and the county-seat of Kings County (Map:" New York, G 5). It is situated on the western end of Long Isl.and, separated from the Island and Borough of .Manhattan by the East River, which connects New York Bay with Long Island Sound. The borough and county cover an area of aboiit 66 square miles, extending north and south about 11 miles, and east and west about an e(|ual distance. The water-front extends from Newtown Creek along the East River, upper and lower New York Bay, the .Atlantic Ocean, and Jamaic:i P.ay, to Old
