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BRUCE. 573 BRUCE. in South Africa, and in inni was assipicd to tlie home district. He was promoted to lie surgeon- major in 1895, ,Tnd lieutenant-colonel in IIIOO. His publications inohuie several important ar- ticles rejrardinj; Malta fever, on which he is an authority, contributed to The Practitioner (1887- 88): to" the British Medical Journal (1889); the Army Medical Seriee Blue Book (1890); Quain's Dictiouary of Medicine, and Davidson's Diseases of Warm Climates. He was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society of Great Britain. BRUCE, EinvARD ( 1 -1318). A king of Ire- land, younger brother of Robert Bruce. He was a chivalrous but rash and impetuous prince, and was actively engaged in the struggle for Scot- land's independence. In 1308 he made himself master of Galloway. In 1315 the chieftains of l_'lster tendered him the crox^Ti of Ireland, on condition that he should assist them to expel the English from the island. With an army of about 6000 men he landed in Ulster in !May of that year, and his rapid victories soon made him master of the Province of Ulster. He was crowned King of Ireland, but was slain at the battle of Dundalk, in 1318. BRUCE, Sir Frederick Wiii-i.^jr Adolphus (1814-67). A British diplomatist. He was bom in Broonihall. Fifeshire. and was the son of the seventh Earl of Elgin. He was sent as Consul-General to Eg>-pt in 1849, and was ap- pointed Minister to China in 1861. In 1864 he acted as umpire in the controversy between the United States and the Republic of Colombia, and in the following year succeeded Lord Lyons as Ambassador to the United States. His discretion and tact were important factors in preserving peace at that time between the two governments. BRUCE, Sir George Barclay (1821—). An English engineer, born in Newcastle-on-Tyne. He was educated as a civil engineer by Robert Stephenson, was employed on various railways, and in 1850 completed his work as resident en- gineer upon the Royal Border Bridge, by which the Newcastle and Berwick Railway crossed the river Tweed at Berwick. In 1853 he was ap- pointed chief engineer of the iladras Railway (India), and subsequently consulting engineer of the South Indian Railway. He was also en- gineer of numerous lines in Europe, South America, and New Zealand. In 1887-88 he was president of the Institute of Civil Engineers. BRUCE, .Iame.s (17.30-94). A Scottish trav- eler. He was born in Kinnaird, Stirlingshire, and educated in Harrow and the University of Edinburgh. He did not enter the legal profes- sion, as he had purposed, but' was for a time (1754-61) a wine merchant. In 1762 he was appointed British agent and Consul-General at Algiers, but in 1765 resigned this post to study and sketch the ancient ruins in Barbary. He undertook in 1768 a journey of exploration through Abyssinia; in 1770 rediscovered the source of the Blue Nile, and after great hard- ships arrived in November, 1772, at Assuan, Egypt. His massive Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (5 vols., 1790) is a most in- teresting, and in the main a truthful, narrative, notwithstanding the fact that it suffers as re- gards accuracy in many details from having been begun as late as 1785, and then prepared with- out reference to his journals. His veracity, at- tacked by some contemporaries, has in general been established. He spoke and read with ease French, Italian, .rabic, Ethiopic, and Amharic, and was acquainted with Greek. Latin. Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac: but he lacked critical schol- arship. The Travis was translntcd into Frcncli (1790) by Castera, and into (lennan (1790) by Volkmann, Consult Murray, The Life and Wrii- iiic/s of James Bruce (Edinburgh and London, 1808). BRUCE, Michael (1746-67). A minor Scottish poet. He was born in Kinnesswood, Kinross-shire, the son of a weaver, and in his earlier years was employed as a herd-boy. In 1762 he was sent to Edinburgh University to study for the ministry, and when not at college was employed as a village schoolmaster. His poems, few in number but of a singular tender- ness and pathos, were published in Edinburgh in 1770 by the Rev. John Logan, his fellow stu- dent and associate at college, who is accused by perhaps the majority of literary critics of hav- ing appropriated many of Bruce's poems, among them the Ode of the Cuckoo. Consult Bruce's Works, edited by Grosart (Edinburgh, 1865), with memoir and notes. BRUCE, Robert (1210-95). The fifth Lord of Annandale, and competitor with John Baliol for the crown of Scotland. On the death of his mother, the I'rineess Isabel, in 1251, he did hom- age to Henry III. for her lands in England, and in 1255 was made Sheriff of Cumberland and Governor of Carlisle. The same year he was appointed one of the fifteen regents of .Scotland, during the minority of Alexander III. In 1264 he led, with Comyn and Baliol, the Scottish aux- iliaries to the assistance of the English monarch at the battle of Lewes, where he was taken prisoner, but was released after the battle of Evesham the following year. In 1290, when the Scottish throne became vacant by the death of Margaret, the 'Maiden of Norway.' granddaugh- ter of Alexander III., Baliol and Bruce claimed the succession, the former as great-grandson of David, Earl of Huntingdon, by his eldest daugh- ter, Margaret ; the latter as grandson, by his second daughter. Isabel. Edward I. of England, to whom the dispute was referred, decided in favor of Baliol, November 17, 1292. To avoid swearing fealty to his successful rival, Bruce resigned Annandale to his eldest son, Robert de Bruce, Earl of Carrick. He died at his castle of Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire, in 1295, leaving three sons and a daughter. BRUCE, Robert (1274-1.329). Liberator of Scotland, and King of that country from 1306 to 1329. He was the grandson of Robert Bruce, the competitor of Edward Baliol for the throne in 1290. and was born .July 11, 1274. In the early part of his career he seems to have been guided entirely by selfish interests, and to have played fast and loose with both English and Scotch. At first he favored the English interests, in the expectation, doubtless, of his father being raised to the Scottish throne, and in 1296, as Earl of Carrick, he swore fealty to Edward I. at Berwick, and the following year he is said to have renewed his oath of homage at Carlisle. Shortly after, he abandoned the cause of Edward, joined the Scottish leaders in arms for the inde- pendence of their country, nuide his peace with the English monarch by the capitulation of