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BRUGMANN. 577 BKTJHL. Curtius, he was recalled to Leipzig to succeed the latter. With Osthoflf (of Heidelberg) Bruginann liecanic the furi'inost representative of the new «nd revolutionary school of philologists known as Jiinggraminatihcr or 'Neo-gianimarians.' This school followed Leskien, especially in urging the inviolability of laws of sound-changes, and in em- phasizing the working of analogy as an important linguistic factor, as well as in laying stress on the observation of phonetic laws and their opera- tion in modern languages. These principles Brugmann developed with Osthoft' in their Mm-- phologische Vntersuchungen aiif dem Gehict der indoyermanischen Sprachen ( 'ol. I.-IV., 1ST8- 87; Vol. v., 1889). Very important in the his- tory of the new movement was Bnigmann's arti- cle on "Nasalis Sonans," in Curtius's Studien zur griechischen tind latrinischen Grammatik, Vol. ix. (Leipzig, 1897). The views advanced in this paper were so much in opposition to the ideas of Curtius that a persona! rupture between the men was the final result. The theories of the development of the Indo-Gennanic vocalic nasal are. however, to-day universally acknowledged by linguists, althoigh the battle between the old school and the new raged for twenty years. Brugmann's greatest contribution to philologj' is the monumental work. Gnindriss der vergleichen- den Grammatik der indoyermanisehen Sprachen, the first edition of which appeared in two vol- umes of four parts each (18861900), with an additional three volumes on Syntax by Delbruck (1893-1900). This edition, without the synta.x, was translated into English in a vols. (1888-95), and the publication of a second edition was begun in 1897. In this work Brugmann collects and classifies with great learning the vast mass of material bearing upon the phonology and inHee- tion of the Indo-Germanic languages. Other important works of Brugmann are: Ein Problem ■der hotnerischen Textkritik (1870); Litauische VolksUeder und Marchen, in collaboration with A. Leskien (1882): Zum heutigen .S'fonrf drr £prachirissenschuft (188.5); Oriechische Gram- matik (2d ed., 1900) ; Kurze veryJeieJiendc Gram- matik (1902). In connection with V. Streitherg he is editor of the IndogernianiJiche Forschtingcn (Strassburg, 1892 et seq.) . He has been knighted by the King of Saxony, and in 1896 he was in- vited, with other distinguished scholars, to at- tend the Jubilee of Princeton University, New Jersey, where he received the degree of Doctor of Laws. BRTJGSCH, brooKsh, Heinrich Kabi, (1827- t)4 ) . A ( icrnian Egyptologist. He was born in Berlin, February 18, 1827. At the age of 10 he ap- plied himself with signal success to the decipher- ment of Demotic, which had been neglected since the death of Champollion in 1832. Brugsch's work, iicriptura .-Fytiptiorutn Demotica (Berlin. 1S4S), containing the results of his studies in this difli- <;ult branch of Egyptology, appeared while he was a .student at the gymnasium. It was fol- lowed by his yumerorum Demolirnruni Dortrina (1849), and his Hammluny drmolisrher Urktin- den (18.50). His Grammaire drmotir/iie (Paris, 1855) formed the basis of all subsetpient studies in Demotic. After completing his philological and archjeological studies, Brugsch visited the museums of Paris, London, Turin, and Leyden, and in 18.53 went to Egypt for a stay of some ■duration. After this he returned to Berlin, where, jc 1854, he was appointed privat-docent in the university, and, in 1855, assistant in the Egyp- tian department of the Royal Museum. He again visited Egy|)t in 1857, and in 1800 accompanied in an ollicial ca])acity the cml)assy sent to Persia by the Prussian Government. On the death of the chief of the embassy, Baron vcm Mi nutoli, Brugsch assumed the management of affairs and acquitted himself with credit. In 1804 Itc was consul at Cairo. He returned to Germany four years later and held, for a time, a professorship in Gottin- gen : but in 1870 he was recalled to Kgv'pt by the Khedive to take the direction of tlie Ecoled'Egyp- tologie. In 1873 he represented the Egyptian Government at the Vienna Exposition, and in the same year received the title of Bey and was placed in charge of the projected museum of Arabic antiquities. He later received the title of Pasha. In 1870 he visited America as com- missioner oi the Egyptian Government to the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. He re- turned to Egv'pt, but failing to receive the posi- tion of director of the Egyptian Museum at Gizeh, left vacant by Mariette's death, Brugsch took up his residence in Berlin. There he lec- tured at the university, but was, in 1883 and again in 1885, sent by the German Government on a mission to Persia. After his return he retired to C'harlottenburg, where he passed the remainder of his days in literary work. He died September 9, 1894. After his early achievements in the elucidation of Demotic. Brugsch soon ap- plied himself to other brandies of Egyptology, and everywliere with remarkable success. Egyp- tian grannnar and lexicography, together with the geography, history, and religion of ancient Egypt, were the subjects to which his attention was chiefly directed. To his great natural abil- ity he added an enormous capacity for work, and he was a most prolific writer. Among the most important of his works besides those mentioned are his Geographische Inschriften (Leipzig, 1857-60); Histoire d'Egypte (Leipzig, 1859); Recueil des monuments egypticns (Leipzig, 1862-63); Hicroglyphisch-dcmot inches Wortcr- buch (Leipzig, 1867-82) ; Dictionnaire geograph- ique de ranciennc Egypte (Leipzig, 1877-81): H ieroglyphische Grammatik (Leipzig, 1872) ; Geschichte Aegyptens (Leipzig, 1877); Religion und Mythologie der Aegyptcr (Leipzig, 1887) ; and Thesaurus Inscriptionum .Egyptiacarum (Leipzig, 1883-91). He was the founder (1863) of the Egj'ptological journal. Zeitsehrift fiir Aegyptisehe Spraehe. The Influence of Brugsch on modern Eg'vptology has been very great. BRtJHL, brnl. Heinrich, Count von (1700- 63). Prime ilinister of Augustus III. of Poland and Saxony. He was born near Weissenfels, in Thuringia. His attractive personality and court- ly address won him the favor of AugustusIL.and after Augustus's death, that of his son. Rapidly passing through various grades of office, he be- came Prime ^Minister in 1746. and, obtaining com- plete control of the Government, held it till his death. Avarice was his guiding motive, and to gratify this passion he burdened the country with faxes, wrecked the treasury, S(diciled bribes, ap- l>ropriated estates, and grasped the income of numberless offices. He surrounded the weak Au- gustus with spies, and made him absolutely pli- able to his will. Vanity made him ostentatious and impelled him to outdo all others, even the King, in magnificence. In his foreign policy he was vacillating and mercenary. The demoraliza-