Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/655

BRUMIDI. 579 BKtINEL. represent scenes from American history (illus- trating the career of Washington), in addition to work of an alleynrieal c-liaraeter. He visited Mexico in 1852, shortly after his arrival in the fnited States. He decorated churches in Phila- delphia and in the City of ^Fexico. He died in Washinjrton. BRTJM'MAGEM. A corruption of the name of Birniingliani (q.v.), England. Of the many ways of spell injr the name of this city, the oldest is that jiiven in Domesdaii-liook — namely, Bir- mingehani. This wgs corrupted into Brumma- gem, a term which has become synonymous with worthless wares with a glittering outside, since various kinds of cheap sham ware, especially jewelry, arc manufactured in Birmingham. BRUMMAGEM JOE. A name contemptu- ously L'iven by bis political opponents to the Rt. Hon. .Joseph Chamberlain. BRUM'MELL, Geobge Bryax (1778-1840). An Englishman of wealth and fashion, better known as 'Beau Brummell.' He was born in London, and was celcliratod as an exquisite and a fop. He became an intimate companion of the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV., and was looked upon by the society of his day as the 'glass of fashion and the mold of form.' For many years he was a veritable arbiter eleganti- arum, and was regarded by the Court society as an oracle upon all matters of dress and etiquette. As long as his fortune lasted, or the Prince of Wales would furnish the means, he kept up an elegant baclielor establishment in London: but he finally lost the favor of his royal friends, became poor, gambled recklessly, fled from his creditors, and died in Caen, France, in a liospital for the mendicant insane. Bulwer's Pelham is said to be founded on Brummell's life. Consult Jesse, Life of George Brummell, Esq. (new ed., London, 188.5). BRTTNANBURH, broo'non-burK. The scene of .-Ethelstan's victory over the Scotch and Irish in 937. The battle, which probably took place in some part of Xorthumbria, is celebrated in a ballad in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. BRTTNCK, broonk. Richard Fra>-<;'ois Phi- lippe (1729-1803). A distinguished French class- ical philologist, born in Strassburg, December 30, 1729. He was educated under the Jesuits in Paris, but abandoned his studies, and for some time was engaged as a military commissary during the Seven Year.s' War. A professor in Giessen, with whom Brunck happened to lodge while the army was in winter quarters, revived in him the love of classical studies, so that on bis return to Strassburg he devoted all his spare time to Greek, and soon distinguished himself as an able but audacious critic and emendator. His belief that all inaccuracies in ancient Greek writings were introduced by copyists often led him astray; but, in spite of this, he did good service to Greek literature. His first work, Analecta Veterum Poetarum GroBcorum (1772-76), was followed by editions of Anacreon (1778-80); Apollonius Rhodius (1780); Aristophanes (1781-83); (Jnoniic Poets (1784); Vergil (1785); and Sophocles (1786- 89). The last of these established a new era in the criticism of the tragic writers. The outbreak of the French Revolution interrupted Brunck'.s studies. He ardently attached himself to the popular side. During the Reign of Terror he was imprisoned, but w:is liberated after the downfall of liobespierrc. His means, however, had been so nuich reduced that he was compelled to sell his valuable library. From this time (1801) lie turned his attenti(m from Greek to Latin literature, and published editions of Plau- tus and Terence. He died June 12, 1803. BRXTNE, bri.in, GuiXLArME Marie Anne (1703-1S15). A French marshal of the First Empire, born at Brives-Ia-Gaillarde. He be- came a journalist and a jjarticipant in the Revo- lutionary movement, taking part ith Danton (q.v.) in the establishment of the Cordeliers Club. After the conquest of Belgium he was sent as civil commissioner to that country, but soon entered the military service. In 1796 he was in the Army of Italy, where his abilities ad- vanced him to the rank of division general. In 1798 he was sent to organize the Helvetic Republic, and after accomplishing his mis- sion was appointed to command the Army of Holland, where he enhanced his military reputa- tion. In September and October, 1799, he de- feated the English and Russian forces, and com- pelled the Duke of York, commander of the allied armies, to accede to the hiuniliating capit- ulation of Alkmaar. After distinguishing him- self in La Vendde, and subsequently in Italy, he was sent on a mission to the Sublime Porte. In 1804 he was made a marshal, and the Legion of Honor was conferred upon him. As Governor- General of the Hansa towns he subdued Swedish Pomerania. In 1814 Brune transferred his alle- giance to Louis XVIIL, but became again a par- tisan of Xapoleon. He was murdered by a Roy- alist mob at Avignon, August 2, 1815.' BRUNEI, broo-nl'. The most important town of the State of the same name in British Borneo. It is situated on the northern coast of the island, above the mouth of the river of Brunei (Alap: East Indies, D 4). It is exceed- ingly unhealthful, and a number of houses are built on the water. , There is some trade with Singapore. The population is estimated at 10,000. BRUNEL', IsAMBARD Kingdom (1806.59). An eminent English engineer, son of Sir Mark Isambard Brunei. He was born in Portsmouth, and was educated at the College Henri Quatre, in Paris. His first practical engineering work was under his father, then engaged in construct- ing the Thames Tunnel. Brunei earlybegan the de- signing of bridges, and several suspension bridges were built from his plans. He is best known, per- haps, as the designer and civil engineer of the Great M'estern, 1838, the first steamship built for regular transatlantic service; of the Great Britain, 1845, the first ocean .screw-steamer; and of the Great Eastern, 1858, for many years the largest vessel in the world. In 1833 Brunei was appointed chief engineer to the Great Western Railway, and designed and constructed the tun- nels, bridges, viaducts, and arches for this line and its branches, giving the road a gauge of seven feet. He designed many docks at English seajiorts, including those of Monkwearmouth, Plymouth, Briton Ferry, and Milford Haven. In 1842 he was employed by the Government to construct the Hungerford suspension bridge across the Thames at Cliaring Cross, London.