Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/658

BRUNLEES. 582 BRXTNNOW. BBTJNTEES, Sir .Taxiks (1816-92). A ScoUish civil enyiueer. born in Kelso. He stud- ied at Edinliurjih Viiiversity. in IS.'iS became assistant engineer in the buiklins of the Bol- ton and Preston Railway, one of the first con- strueted in England, and subsequently assistant to Sir .John Hawkshaw on the Lancashire and Yorkshire system. Among the more important of his further works in railway construction were the Sfio Paulo Railway of Brazil, and the Mer- sey Railway, with the subduvial tunnel between Birkenhead and Liverpool, in which latter Sir Douglas Fox was Joint engineer. In lS(iS-77 he built the Avonmouth docks for Bristol. He was president of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1882-S.'J. His publications comprise several reports and technical papers. BRtJNN, bn.in (Czech, bruno, OCh. Slav. 5ru- nijc. iiuid. Slav, brn, loam, clay, whence a sec- tion of Altbriinn still bears the name Lehmstiitte, 'mud city'). The cajiital of the Austrian Crown- land of Jloravia. beautifully situated at the con- fluence of the Sclnvarz;iwa and the Zwittawa. at the foot of the Spielberg, in latitude 49° 12' X., and longitude 16° 40' K., about 8!) miles north- northeast of Vienna (Map: Austria. E 21. The fortifications, which until 1800 surrounded the old town, have been converted into ])leasant promenades and handsome boulevards. Among the most interesting buildings of Briinn are the Cathedral of .Saint'Peter and Saint Paul, built in the Fifteenth Century; Saint James Church, a Gothic edifice, with a tower over 300 feet in height, magnificent stained-glass windows, con- taining file tomb of Count Radwit, the defender of the town in 1G45 again-^t the Swedes: the Church of the ilinorites. with handsome frescoes; and the Church of the Capuchins, with the grave of Colonel Trenek. Among the notable secular buildings may be mentioned the Landliaus, the meeting-place of the Provincial Diet, the Rathaus, and the Episcopal Palace. At the summit of the Spielberg stands the Citadel, once the )>rison in which the Pandour leader Colonel Tri'Uck died in captivity in 1740. and where the Italian au- thor Count Silvio Pellico was detained a pris- oner from 1822 to 1830. Briinn is the seat of a United States consular agency. The city's af- fairs are administered by a municipal council of forty-eight and an executive board of. eleven mem- bers. "The city owns its water-works, and oper- ates gas and electric-light plants. Briinn is the most important manufacturing town in Austria- Hungary. It is particularly noted for ils woolen industry. There are also manufactures of leather, machinery, chemicals, and beer. Its railway fa- cilities are excellent, and a steam tramway ac- commodates local traffic. Population, in 1890, 94,500: in 1000. 108,000. History. — Old Briinn dates back to the Xinth Century, though the new town was foimdcd five hundred years later. In 1278 Briinn became a free Imperial city. The city has stood numerous sieges, from the period of the Hussite wars to the Au>i1 ro Prussian War of 18()G. BRTJNN, IlEiNBicn von (1822-94). A Ger- man archaeologist, born at Wiirlitz. in Anhalt. After studying at the T^niversity of Bonn, as a pupil of Welcker and Rilsehl. he assisted in the work of the Areha>ological Institute of Rome (1843-5.3). He was lecturer on archa-ology at Bonn (1854-56); secretary of the Archa>o!og- ical Institute of Rome (1856-65), and professor of archteology at the University of Munich (from 1865 until his death). In addition to articles on Creek painting and Etruscan art. contributed to philological and archaeological reviews, his pvib- lications include: (leschichte der griechisclicn Kiiiisller (2d cd., 1889) and / rilicvi delle urne elni.-.rlic. I. Cirlu froico (1870). BRUNNEN, broon'ncn (Ger., well, mineral spring). A village and port in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, on the Lake of Lucerne, near the mouth of the Muotta (Map: Switzerland, C 2). The town has much of the lake trafiic, and also is a eonsideralde health resort. It is beautifully situated at the southeastern bend of the lake, and is celebrated in history as the ])lace where, in December. l.'ilS, the deputies of the forest cantons, who twenty-four years before had formed a plan for the liberation of their country from the Austrian yoke, laid the basis of the Helvetian Republic after the battle of Morgarten. Population. 3000. BRUNNER, IliixRicu (1840—). An Aus- trian legal historian, born at Wels. After study at the University of Vieniui, he became a profes- sor at Lemberg'(180U), Prague (1870), Strass- burg (1872), and Berlin (1873). His contribu- tions to the study of Prankish, (ierman, Xornian, and Anglo-Norman law are reckoned imjiortant. He was the first to demonstrate the inlluence exercised by the primitive legal institutions of the Franks through the Normans upon the Eng- lish system of trial by jury. Among the titles of his works are Zciigen- und inquisilionsbcwcis dcr karolingixchoi Zeit (1806), and Die Entstc- huiifi drr Scliiriirficrichtc (1872). BRUNNER, broo'ner, Sebastian (1814-93). An Austri:in Roman Catholic theologian and author. He was born in Vienna, studied there, and was ordained priest in 1838. In 1848 he founded the llioitr katholische Kirchen::eitiing, which he edited until 1865, and from 1853 to 1857 he was university preacher in Vienna. In 18G5 he became apostolic prothonotjtry and prel- ate of the Papal household. In his writings he was didactic, militant, and voluminous. Among^ his Ultramontane polemics are a satire in verse, Der Xebcljungoi Lied (1845; 4th ed., 1891), directed against the Hegelians, and Der dcutsche iliob (2d ed., 1846). His nesammcllc JJrz-iih- lungen und poctische Hchriften appeared in 1864- 77. For his biography, -consult Scheieher ( Vien- na, 1888). BRUNNER'S GLANDS (after J. C. Brun- ner. (Jeiiiian analoiiiist ) . Small glands of the compound lidiular variety (see Gi.and) l)ing in the subnmcous coat of the duodenum. The tubular acini are lined with granular epithelium, which .secretes a serous lluid. The ducts pierce the muscubiris mucosa^ and open upon the sur- face of the nuicous membrane between the villi. BRUNNOW, brun'no, Puilipp Count (1797- 1875). . Russian diiiloniat, born in Dresden, lie studied at the University of Leipzig, and entered the diplomatic service in 1818. He took part in the congresses of Troppau and Laibach, acted for one year as secretary to the Russian Embassy in London, attended the Congress of Verona, and then occupied for a time a liigh ofTice in Saint Petersburg. In 1840 he was accredited ambassador to London. After the outbreak of the Crimean War he represented Russia in Frank- fort, and, with Count OrlolT, was sent to the