Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/700

BUDDHISM. 622 BUDGE. 1900). For Siamese: Alabasler. The Wheel of the Law (London, 1871). Amon<; the transla- tions of or compilations from original works in Pali, Sanskrit, Tilietan, and Siamese, the follow- ing are noteworthy: Burnouf, Lc Lotus de la bonne loi (Paris, 18.r2) ; Hardy, Eastern iionachism (London, 1800), Legends atid The- ories of the Buddhists { il)., lS(!(i), and A Manual of Buddhism (ib.. 18S0) ; Faucaux, Histoirc du Bouddha, translated from the Tilietan (Paris, 1868); Scliiefner, Leben1>esehreihung Sakja- munis (Saint Petersburg, 184!)) and Turanatha'a Geschirhtc des Buddhismus (ib., 1809) ; Rogers, Buddhaijhoshu's Parables (London, 1870) : Rhys- Davids, Buddhist Birth Stories (Vol. 1., London, 1880; Vol. II., 18!)9) ; Warren, Buddhism in Translations (Cambridge, Mass., 189G) ; La- lita Tistara, by Rfljendra Lai Mitra and Lef- niann : Dhammapadn. by Fausbiill, Beal, Waddell. Weber, and Max Miiller; parts of the canon in Sacred Books of the East. Vols. X.. XL, XIII., XVIL, XIX., XXL, XXVL, XXXV., and LIX.; and the publications of the Pali Text Society, edited by Rhys-Davids. BUDDING. A method of rcprodiu-ing plants and for perpetuating varieties by inserting a bud or bud-soion into a .stock. There are numerous styles of budding, such as shield budding, square and circular shield budding, flute budding, and ring budding: here, however, only shield bvul- ding, the method in most common use, will be described. The bud is taken from wood of the present season's growth. Since the work of bud- ding is done during the season of active growth, the bud-sticks are usually prepared so that tlie petiole or stem of each leaf is left attached, to serve as a handle to aid in pushing the bud home wlien inserting it beneath the bark of tlie stock. The stock for budding should he at least as thick aa an ordinary lead ])cncil. With the apple and pear a second season's growth will be necessary to develop this size, but with the peach a single season will suffice, i.e. peach-stocks can be budded the same season the pits are planted; conse- quently the peach is left until as late in the sea- son as" is practicable in order to obtain suitable size of stocks. The height at which Imds are inserted varies with the operator. In general, the nearer the ground, the better. The cut for tlu- reception of the bud is made in the shape of a letter T. I'su- ally the cross-cut is made at a slight angle with the bodv of the tree, instead of at right angles to it, and the stem to the T starts at the cross-cut and extends toward the root for an inch or more. The flaps of bark caused by the intersection of the two cuts are slightly loosened w ith the ivory heel of the budding-knife, and the bud, grasped by the leaf-stem as a handle, is placed iinder the flaps and firmly pushed in place, until its cut surface is entirely in contact with Ihe peeled body of the stock. A ligature is then tightly drawn about, above, and below the bud. to hold it in place until a union shall be formed. Bands of ralBa 10 or 12 inches long make a most con- venient tying material. As soon as the buds have united with the stock ('taken'), the ligature should be cut. in order to prevent girdling the stock and bud. This done, the operation is com- plete until the following spring, when all the trees in which the buds have 'taken' should have the top cut off just above the bud. This forces the entire strength of the root into the bud, and since the root itself had not l)een disturbed by transplanting, a more vigorous growth usually results from the bud than from scions in whip or crown grafting. Budding is one of the most economical forms of artificial reproduction, and each year witnesses its more general use. Some nurserymen have gone so far as to use it as a substitute for all other modes of grafting, save whip grafting, in the projiagation of the dwarf jiear. Budding is eco- nomical in the amount of wood used from which to tiike buds or scions, since a single bud does the work of the three or more upon the scion of the cleft or whip graft. But it is expensive in the use of stocks, a seedling being required for each tree, while with the piece-root system of grafting two, three, or more stocks can be made from a single seedling. The one objection to budding is that it causes an unsightl.v crook in the body of the tree, unless the tree is planted deeply enough in the orchard to cover the deformity. In rigorous climates, where trees upon tender roots are likely to suffer from severe winters, a bud of a hardy sort ujjon a tender root is no hardier than the root, l)ecau.se budding leaves a portion of the stock ex])osed above the surface of the soil, and thus precludes the possibility of the development of roots from the portion above the hud; while a piece-root grafted tree with a long scion is practically the same as a tree propagated from a cutting, as the scion will strike root and the new plant will be upon its own root. In regions where severe winters do not enter as a factor, there are un- doubtedly a number of reasons why Inidding will be the most desirable method of reproducing hor- ticultural varieties. See BUD, and Grafting. BUDDLEIA, bvid-lc'ya. A genus of shrubs of the natural order Loganiacea?, all natives of the warmer parts of the world, comprising about 70 species. Some of the hardiest are cultivated a.-i ornamental shrubs. They blossom freely in sum- mer, producing violet or yellow flowers in pani- cles or globose heads. They are not quite hardy in the north. Buddleia Japoniea, gluhosa. variii- bilis. Lindleyana. and Colvilei are among the hardiest and most beautiful species. BUDE (bud) LIGHT. A brilliant light ob- tained liy introducing oxygen into the centre of an oil or gas flame. The "Bude burner' employed for this purpose consists of two or more Argand burners arranged concentrically. The name is derived from Bude, Kngland, the residence of Mr. Gurney. who invented the burner. The Bude light is comparatively expensive, and therefore seldom used. BUDENZ, boo'dAnts, Joseph (1836-92). An Hungarian philologist. He was born at Rasdorf, CJermany, and was educated at Marl>urg and (iiittingen. In 18.58 he went to Hungary, where he became a member of the Academy of Sciences (1802), and professor of comparative Altaian philologj' at the University of Budapest. His important and varieil contributions to this s>ib- ject include Finn nyelvtan ("Finnish Grammar," 5th ed., 1900). and Matjyar-uyor osszehasonlito s^oltir (1873-81). BUDGE, Ernest A. Wali.is. An English Orientalist. He was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he became distinguished in the Semitic langviages, and afterwards was appointed keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities in