Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/724

BUILDING. 642 BUILDING. ting out the joint, so that the mortar has a slant like a roof to shed water. The face-brick are often laid in a mortar of lime paste and dry, fine sand, colored with some pigment. Frequently, also, the face-joints are pointed. The filling cour.ses are sometimes laid dry on a bed of mortar, and the vertical joints poured full of grout or thin lir|iiid mortar. The arrangement or 'bond' of the brick in the outside courses of walls is determined by current prac- tice or by the specifications of the ardiitect. There are several bonds in common use, which dilfer chietty in the difl'erent arrangement of the headers and stretchers. A header in brick ma- sonry is a brick set so that its end is exposed; a stretcher is a brick set so that its side is ex- posed. It will be plain that a brick laid as a header projects back into the filling, and acts as an anchor bond to bind together the outside FIG. 8. BEICKWORK, COM.MON BOND. courses and the filling courses. When a course of headers is laid between every four or six courses of stretchers, the bond is known as common bond (Fig. 8). English bond (Fig. 9) II iHEA||DER||S i n i ISTRETC JMERS 1 i jncziZDCz U i i X II 1. tt 1 1 II i i 1 1 1 1 II FIG. 9. BKICKWORK, ENGLISH BOND. consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers, and Flemish bond (Fig. 10) consists 01 alternate headers and strctcliers in each course. There are several other varieties of bonds, but those named are the most common. Wliatever the bond cliosen may be, the method of laying the brick is that described above. Brick-wall construction, liowcver, involves X |nEADi«||TTBETCHEg jzn anchor-rods of various sorts, the ends of which have to be built into the wall by the bricklayer. The walls have also to be corbeled to give a bearing for the floor-joists, and the bricklayer must construct these corbels at the proper places- and bond them firmly to the body of the wall. FIG. 11. TTPICiL BKICK AKCHES. He has also to insert the relieving arches or east-iron or steel beams over windows aud door- openings, and to set the stone caps and sills, and bond them firmly to the wall. The bonding to- gether of the outside walls at corners and of the cross or partition walls to the main walls are other items in the task of the bricklayer. In many building-walls there are introduced but- tresses, panels, diaper-work, moldings, etc., of a structural or ornamental character, and these have to be executed by the bricklayer according- to the plans and designs furnished him. Enough has been said to show that bricklaying is much more than the mere placing of one brick on top of another, with a mortar joint between them ; it involves a very close adlierence to dimensions, position, pattern, and ornament, as specified by the architect, and a knowledge of how to save time and material in securing these require- ments. The mode of procedure in laying brick 'piers, chimneys, walls, etc., is practically the same as that in laying walls. Arch-constniclion in brickwork requires more particular mention (Figs. 11 and 12). When arches are built of common brick, the bricks are laid close together on the inner edges with wedge- shaped joints of mortar, but when built of face- bricks, the bricks themselves are dressed to wedge-shaped form or to voussoirs and the mor- FIO. 10. BniCKWOBK, FI.EJIISH BOND other tasks besides the plain, solid wall-construc- tion so far described, and some of them need to be mentioned to make clear the full extent of the work of the bricklayer. In good building prac- tice the walls are tied or anchored to each floor at intervals of about six feet, by means of Fia. 12. FLAT BBICE ABCH. tar joints are of uniform thickness. Arches of the construction last described are termed gauged arches. The bond of gauged arches usu- ally corresponds to the bond of the wall in which they are set. Arches of common brick are usually built in concentric rings, with no liond but the mortar joint between them. Sometimes, however, the rings are bonded together with wedge-shaped courses extending from iutiados to extrados. (See Ahcii. ) In laying brick ai<-hcs the bricklayer makes use of a centre on which to support the arch during construction exactly as is done in laying stone arches, and as previ- ously described. The mode of procedure is also