Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/729

BTHLDING. 647 BUILDING ACTS. so that the carpenter's work at the l)uililing com- prises the joining and erecting. Doors, cases, paneled work, staircases, and mantels are nearly always made at the shop, and liave only to be erected by the carpenter. The illustrations show some of the many forms in which moldings, cas- ings, etc., are supplied by the mills (Figs. 26 and 28). MITRE CA5WCS FIG. 26. FOB.MS OF CASINGS. FIG. 27. DOVETAILF.D JOINTS: A, CO.MMON; B, LAPPED: C. SECRET. Glazing is the process of applying glass to windows, doors, etc. Windows and doors are usually glazed at the mills and supplied ready for erection. Common window-glass is almost always set with putty and secured with triangu- lar pieces of zinc, called 'glazier's points.' driven into the wood over the glass and covered with pulty. In the best work, a thin layer of putty is first put in the rebate of the sash, and the glass placed on it and pushed down to a solid bearing. This is called back-puttying. The points are then driven about eii^ht or ten inches apart, and putty applied over the glass and points so as to fill the rebate. Outside windows are always glazed on tjie outside of the sash. Plate-glass windows are back-puttiod and se- cured by wooden bends. Leaded glass is usually finished and set by firms whicii make a specialty of ornamental or 'stained' glass. Plumbing and IIeatinu ..nd Ventilation also must be considered in their relation to building, and will be found discussed under these heads. FIG. 28. STAIB-FRAMING. Bibliography. The books treating of build- ing processes are very numerous and a number of periodicals are also supported by the various building trades. The best general treatises on American building practice are Kidder, Building Construction (11 vols., New York, 1898); id.. Architects' and Builders' Pocket-book (New- York, 1898) ; Anderson, The Strength of Mate- rials and atruetures (London, 1887) ; Becker, Allgemeine Bauhunde des Ingenieurs (Leipzig, 1882) ; Huss, Rational Building, translated from article 'Construction" in Viollet-le-Duc, Dictioniiairc Jiaisonne (New York, 1S9.5) ; Xotes on Building Construction (London, 1875) ; Ad- vanced Building Construction (London, 1892), both of the above issued for the South Kensing- ton Schools; Baukunde des Architekten (Berlin, 1890) ; Guastavino, Essay on the Theory and History of Cohesive Construction (Boston, 1893). BUILDING ACTS. Statutes restricting to a greater or less extent the common-law right of landowners in cities to erect buildings on their land. They often prescribe the materials of which buildings shall be constructed; the man- ner in which they sh:ill be lighted, ventilated, or drained; the amount of open space about them, as well as their height and their distance from the street line. In general, the interference of such statutes with the property rights of the citizen is justified by considerations of public policy. Specifically their object is to secure proper sanitary conditions and to diminish the frequency and disastrous consequences of fires in citJes. In the United States the constitutionality of such legislative interference willi |)ropcrty rights has been sustained as coming within the police powers (q.v.) of Congress and of the .sev- eral States. The most important statutes of this kind in England are the London Building .Act of 1894 and the Public Health Act of 187.5. In the United States such matters are usually regulated