and was educatetl at Brown University, at the (jeneral I'lieologifal Seminary, Xew York City, and at O.xford. After his ordination to the priesthood, lie was successively in charge of Grace Church, Amherst, Mass.. from 187S to 1883; Christ Church, Pomfret, Conn., from 188.3 to 1S89: at Bala, from 188!) to 1S9G: Christ Church, Detroit, from ISHti to 1898; and Grace Church. Brooklyn. In 190-i he was made Bishop of the diocese of Long Island.
BURGESS, George (1S09-66). First Protes-
tant Episcopal Bishop of Maine. He was born in
Providence, K. I., graduated at Brown l"nivcrsity
in IS'26, and afterwards studied in Germany. In
1.S34 he became rector of Christ Church. Hart-
ford, Conn., and in 1847 was chosen Bishop of
ilaine, ofliciating also as rector of Christ Church
in Gardiner. He went to Hayti to restore his
health, but died there. He published Pages from
the Ecclesiastical History of Xetv England
(1847); The Last Enemi/ ('oiiqiieriiifi mid Con-
yuered (18.50) ; sermons; and a metrical version
of the Psalms. Consult Memoir, bv his brother,
A. Burgess (Philadelphia, 1869)."
BURGESS, .James (1832—). A Scottish
archaeologist, bom in Kirkmahoe. He was edu-
cated in Glasgow and Edinburgh, went to India
in 1855, and in 1873 was appointed director of
the archaeological survey of Western India.
From 1886 to 1889 he was director-general of
the arehseological surveys of India. He was for
some time fellow of the University of Bombay,
and founded the Indian Antiijuary. He pub-
lished numerous valuable works, including The
Temples of tihatrunjaya (1869) ; The Rock Tem-
ples of Elephanta (1871); Scenery and Archi-
tecture in Gujarat and Uajputana (1873) ; The
Cave Temples of India (with James Fergusson,
1880); and The Gandhara Sculptures (1899).
His writings are also to be found in the Epi-
yraphia Indica (of which he was an editor) and
in the Archa:ological Reports (1874-87), on the
cave temples of India. He was also engaged to
contribute to the volume on the (Jraphic Art of
India in Biihler's Grundriss, or Enryclopccdia of
Indo-Aryan Research (Strassburg, 1890, et seq.).
BURGESS, John William (1844 — ). An
American educator and waiter on history and
political science. He was born at Cornersville,
Tenn., and studied at Cumberland University,
and afterwards at Amherst College. Mass., where
he graduated in 1867. He then turned his at-
tention to law, and was admitted to the Massa-
chusetts bar in 1809, but did not practice, and
for two years was professor of English literature
and political economy in Knox College. Hesubse-
quently devoted two years to study in Gottingen,
Leipzig, and Berlin, and upon his return (1873)
became professor of historj- and political sci-
ence at Amherst. In 1876 he accepted a similar
position in Columbia College, where he also
lectured on international law. Later, his title
was changed to professor of political science
and constitutional law, and in 1890 he became
dean of the faculty of political science. He has
published a valuable treatise entitled Political
Science and Comparative Constitutional Law
( 1890) ; The Middle Period of United States His-
tory (1897) ; I'hc Civil War and the Constitu-
tion (2 vols., 1001); Reconstruction arid the
Constitution (1902).
BURGESS, Neil (1840—). An American
comedian, born in Boston. Early in his career
an accident turned his attention wholly to per-
sonating female cliaracters. An elderly actress
was taken suddenly ill one evening just before
the curtain rose, and Burgess hastily assumed
her part. The quaint humor he put into the
work produced a sensation, and he decided to
make a specialty of female roles. Josinh Allen's
Wife was written for him, but his greatest suc-
cess was doubtless in Widouy licdott, in which he
first appeared in Providence, in 1879, and at
Haverly's, Xew York, the year following. im,
an old play of his under a new name, was pro-
duced at the Bijou Opera House, New Y'ork, in
1883, and became very popular. In 1880 he pro-
duced The County Fair, a play that had a suc-
cessful run of more than two years in New York
theatres, and has been widely repeated. He has
also, in recent years, been engaged in vaudeville.
Consult Clapp and Edgett, Players of the Pres-
ent, Dunlap Soc. Pub. (New Y'ork, 1899).
BURGH, berg, Scot. pron. bur'r6, or BOROUGH I AS. burh, Goth, bourys, Ger. liiiry,
probably from AS. bcoryan, Goth, huirgan, Ger.
bergen, to protect). A term confined chiefly to
Scotch towns and cities incorporated in a man-
ner similar to those of English boroughs. There
were originally four classes of burghs: Royal
burghs, burghs of barony, burghs of regality,
and free burghs. The first derived their cor-
porate powers from a grant of the Crown; the
second from that of a baron, temporal or spir-
itual; the third were originally burghs of
barony, but by special royal grant had their
powers greatly increased; the fourth, to which
class all burghs of onr day practically belong,
originally asserted their own corporate freedom
and were in general free from the great burdens
of taxation, etc., common to the other forms of
burghs.
BURGH, HuPERT DE. See Hubert de Burgh.
BURGHER, burg'er, and ANTI-BURGH-
ER. In some burghs of Scotland the following
oath was exacted of all who would become bur-
gesses : Here I protest before God and your
lordships, that I profess, and allow with all my
heart, the true religion presently professed
within this realm, and authorized by the laws
thereof; I shall abide thereat, and defend the
same to my life's end; renouncing the Koman
religion called papistrj'." In 1747 the Synod
of the Secession Church of Scotland divided
upon the construction to be put ujion the words,
"The true religion presently professed.' Some
held that they referred to the ^Established Church
of Scotland, which they all considered so corrupt
that they had separated from her; consequently
to take the oath was tantiunount to pledging
themselves to support what they could not in con-
science sujjport; accordingly these persons re-
fused to take this oath. They formed the General
Associate Synod, but were ])opularly called the
Anti-burghers. The others held that the words
meant no more than the Protestant religion.
These formed the Associate Synod, and were
]ioi)ularly called the Burghers. Both bodies still
further disintegrated. In 1799 the Constitu-
tional Associate Presbytery was formed out of
the Anti-burghers, and its adherents were called
the Old Light Anti-burghers; in 1806 the Original
Burgher Presbytery was made out of the
Burghers, and its adherents called Old Light
Burghers. Those who opposed each party were
called New Lights.
