Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/769

BTJRGON. 685 BTTRGRASS. The Athanasiah Creed (1872) ; and The Rcrision Jfcvised (1883). For his life, consult Goulburn (Lonilon. 1892). BTTIl'GOO (origin unknown). A name used in some parts of the United States for barbecue (q.v. ). The reader is also referred to Norton's Political Americanisms (London, 1890). BXTRGOS, brior'gos (Sp., pUir. of biirgo, Ger. Burg, fort, castle; cf. the city's Iberian name Briga, hill, fort). A city of Spain and capital of the province of the same name, situated in a fertile valley at the foot of the Sierra de Oca. on the right bank of the river Arlanzon (ilap: Spain, D 1). Burgos has an old quarter with narrow, crooked streets, and a quarter with fine buildings and broad promenades. The castle and walls are in ruins. The cathedral, founded in 1221, is the most elaborate Gothic structure in Spain. The city possesses numerous monuments and relies of old Spain, of the time of the Cid. The industries include woolen-cloth weaving, hat- making, etc. Burgos is the great wool mart of Old Ca.stile, and also exports consideraljle grain. Population, in 1900. 31,41:5. Burgos was founded about the close of the Xintli Century as the capi- tal city of the Counts of Castile and Leon, and soon became a prosperous city. When Alfonso VI. removed his residence to Toledo in 1087 the city declined in political importance and popula- tion. Consult Wilson, '"Burgos Cathedral," in The Churchman, Vol. LXXXII. (Xew York, 1900). BUKGOYNE, bnr-goin', JoHX (1722-92). An English general in the American Revolutionary War, also known as a successful dramatist. He was reputed to be a natural son of Lord Bingley, but his father was Captain John Burgoyne, son of Sir John Burgorae of Bedfordshire. He was educated at A'estminster, where he made friends with Lord Strange, eldest son of the Earl of Derby, and presently eloped with his sister. Lady Charlotte Stanley, and married her in 1743. He had early entered the army, and through his marriage received promotion. In 1759, as lieu- tenant-colonel of the Coldstream Ciuards, he served at Belle-Isle. On his initiative light cav- alry was introduced in the British Army the same year. He was elected member of Parliament and gave evidence of statefcianship in criticising the colonial administration. In 1702 he commanded a force sent into Portugal for the defense of that kingdom against the Spaniards, where he sur- prised and captured Alcantara. In 177.5-76 he served in Xorth America, and then returned to England. He landed in America again early in 1777, having been placed in command of a pow- erful expedition with orders to penetrate from Canada into Xew York State, march south along the valley of the Hudson, and join Howe's forces, so as to divide the American Confeder- acy in twain. Including a body of *everal hun- dred Indians, the total force at his command when he set out was not far from 10,000 men. He captured Ticonderoga on July 6, but failed to jireserve his communications with Canada in the face of an ever watchful foe. On August 16 a detachment of his army was almost annihilat- ed at Bennington by Stark. A severe engage- ment with General Gates at Stillwater, on Sep- tember 19, resulted unfavorably for the British. Burgoyne now found himself beset. He fought a second battle at Stillwater (battle of Sara- toga) on October 7, and suffered a decisive de- feat. On Octot>er 17 he surrendered to Gates with between .5000 and 0000 men. The success of the Americans in this campaign was due in great measure to Schuyler. Washington allowed Bur- goj-ne to return to England, where, denied audi- ence of the King and refused a court-martial, he went over to the opposition party and re- signed his appointments; but on a change of ilinistry at the close of the American War he was appointed commander-in-chief in Ireland. He retired with his political friends two years after and devoted his time to literature. His writings include: State of the Expedition from Canada (1780: new ed., 1865), a vindication of his campaign; satires against Pitt's ad- ministration (in the Westminster Guide, 1783) ; and stage works. The ilaid of the Oaks, The Lord of the Manor (comic opera libretto, 1780), and The Heiress (1780), a successful work subsequently translated into several lan- guages. His last political appearance was as a manager of the imjieachment of Warren Hast- ings in 1787. He died suddenly, January 3, 1792, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Consult: De Fonblanque. Episodes from the Life and Correspondence of Burgoyne (London. 1876) ; O'Callaghan. ed.. Orderly Book of lAeutcnant- Gencral John Burgoyne (Albany, 1860) : and Stone, Campaign of Lieutenant-General Burgoyne (Albany, 1877). BURGOYNE, Sir John Fox (1782-1871). An English military engineer, the eldest of four nat- ural children of General John Burgoyne. He was educated at Eton and the Royal Mili- tary Academy at Woolwich, and entered the Royal Engineers in 1798. From 1800 to 1807 he served in the Mediterranean ; was with Moore at Conmna in 1809. and served under Sir Arthur Wellesley in the Peninsula until 1814. In 1814 he was commanding engineer of the expedition to Xew Orleans. In the Crimean War he was chief of the engineering department of the Brit- ish Army until recalled in 1855. For his services at Sebastopol he was made by the Sultan a knight of the Order of the Medjidieh and by the French Emperor a grand officer of the Legion of Honor. He became general in 1855, was created a baronet in 1850, and in 1868 was made a field-marshal. Many of his writings were republished in Mili- tary Opinions of General Sir J. F. Burgoyne (1859). For his Life and Correspondence con- sult Wiottcslcy (London, 1873). BTTRGRASS, or Sandbur (Cenchrus). A genus of 10 or 12 si>ecies of grasses, distributed throughout warm temperate and tropical coun- tries. The common burgrass ICenchrus trihu- loides) is an annual grass, frequent in sandy soils along river-banks. The fertile spikelet is surrounded by several sterile spikelets which develop sharp, rigid awns. Injuries from these are painful to man or animal, and frequently cau,se trouble with sheep, their wool becoming matted with them. It is one of the worst weeds wherever it becomes abundant. The stems are prostrate, 1 to 2 feet long, and the spikes are composed of 10 to 20 spiny burs. Wherever this pest appears everv- eflort should be ex|)ended to eradicate it. A second species. Cenchrus echi- nalus. occurs in the Southern States, where it is known as cock-spur. It is a stouter plant than the common burgrass and is just as troublesome.