Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/864

CABANIS. 762 CABBAGE INSECTS. ■(Paris, 1844). Consult Dubois, Examen des doc- ilriiirn lie Cahanis (2 vols., Paris, 1842). CAB'AEET (Fr., of disputed origin; Low Lat. caparetum, from Lat. caupo, huckster, inn- keeper, lias been suggested ) . A tavern -, a public house where beer and spirits are retailed. CABARRUS, ka'Bi'riis', Fran^^ois, Comte de (1752-1810). A Spanish financier of French l>irth. He organized the San Carlos Bank and a company for trade with the Pliilippine Islands ; was one of the Council of Finance under Charles III., and proposed many reforms. Under Charles IV. he was accused of embezzlenien: and was imprisoned, but was soon released and raised •to the rank of count. Joseph Bonaparte made liim Minister of Finance, in which office he died. His daughter Ther&se, under the name of Mme. Tallien, afterwards Princess of Chimay. Wxas ■conspicuous in the closing days of the French Revolution. CABAT, ka'ba', Nicolas Loms (1812-93). A French painter, born in Paris. He was a pupil of Flers. and became one of the leaders of the so- called realistic landscape school. His works in- clude "Pond at Ville d'Avray" (1834) ; "Winter Day" (1836) ; "A Spring in the Wood" (1864) ; "A Morning in the Park of llagnet" (1877). CABATUAN, ka'Ba-twiin'. A city of the Province of lloilo. on the island of Panay, Philippines. It is situated on the River Tiguni, and is connected by roads with the important towns on the island. Population, in 1898, about 18.000. CABBAGE (OF. cahus in chmi cnhus, headed cole, OHG. Kahu::. Ger. Koppus, Eappes, from Lat. cn/)«f, head) (Brassica oleracea) . A plant in general cultivation for culinary- iiurjioses and ior feeding cattle. It is a native of the rocky shores of Great Britain and other parts of Europe, and in its wild state is generally from a foot to two feet high. It has been cultivated in Europe from time immemorial and has developed into several different forms, such as cabbage, kale (q.v.), kohl rabi (q.v.), cauliflower (q.v.), and Brussels sprouts (q.v.). The wild cabbage has smooth, sea-green leaves, waved and variously indented; under domestica- tion these have developed into a head, which is the ])art eaten. There are two general classes of cabbages — smooth-leaved and wrinkled-leaved. The smooth- leaved cabbages may be either green or red. the head mav be conical, oblong, round, or flat, and there are early, medium, and late maturing kinds. Red cabbage is ehielly esteemed for pickling; while green cabbage is the kind most generally grown in the garden and for market. More than 100 varieties are in cultivation in ■the United States. The wrinkled-leaved or Savoy cabbage is a cabbage of e.cellent qiuility. but is little grown, because it is not so productive as the common green kind. Cabbage demands a rich loam soil with plenty of manure. Seed for the early crop is sown in the hotbed. The plants are set in the field, as soon in s])ring as the frost is out of (he ground, in rows three feel a]iart and two feet distant in the row. For the late crop the seed is sown in beds or in hills in the open in May. The early cabbage will mature in July, while the late crop may not be harvested until freezing weather. Cabliage may be winter- stored by putting in pits head down and cover- ing with straw and earth or by storing in a cold, damp cellar. The tree-cabbage or cow-cabbage is a variety cultivated for cattle, especially in the Channel Islands and the north of France, the leaves of which do not close together into com- pact heads, but which is remarkable for its great height, reaching, when it is in tlower, 10 feet on rich soil. Cabbage Diseases. Cabbage is subject to two parasitic diseases, both of which are often very destructive. The first of these is clubroot, due to a low fungus, Plasniodiopltora brussicce, which causes peculiar swellings and outgrowths from the roots of the cabbage, often the whole root system being involved. ( See Clubkoot. ) The other disease is a brown or black rot caused by attacks of bacteria, I'seudomoitas c<impestris. It has been known in the United States for a dozen years, and has become widely distributed. It is known to occur also in the west of Europe, and is a destructive disease, often devastating whole fields. The disease attacks the cabbage at any stage of growth and often dwarfs the heads or makes them one-sided. If sever'^, no lieads are formed, and the whole plant may be killed. Fre- quently the heads rot and fall off, but this is due to other agencies than the disease itself. Cut stumjis of diseased cabbage show brown or black rings, and these may be traced into the head. On the leaves the margins become yellow and tlie veins black. The disease seems to enter by the leaves and progresses toward the stem. In many cases the leaves fall off. leaving bare stumps. The disease attacks, in addition to cab- bage, turnips, cauliflower, kale, and rape. On the turnip it causes an internal brown rot. It seems to gain entrance through the gnawing of insects, slugs, etc. It remains in the soil for some time, just how long is not known, and is spread through manure and rubbish. For reme- dial measures it is advised to rotate the crop, destro}' all cabbage insects, pay strict attention to the seed-bed, and plant on new soil whenever possible. CABBAGE-BARK. See Akdiea. CABBAGE INSECTS. Many insects infest cabbage-plants, the chief of which are as follows: Cnhbrir/e-Aphis. — A plant-louse {Aphis hras- sicw) brownish-black above, light-green below, which infests the leaves of cabbages and turnips in both Europe and America. See .phius. Cab- hage-Ilup. — A pentatomid bug (Margaiilia his- tricmica) called the 'harlequin.' on account of its brilliant coloring (black, yellow, and red), which has spread within the last half-century from Central America throughout the United States, and plays havoc with cabbages and similar plants. It hibernates in tufts of gi-ass and weeds, and attacks the young plants; a strong wash of lime-water is recommended as a remedy. Cabbatje-Butterfly. — A name common' to sev- eral species of wliite butterflies of the family PieridiP, whose larvir, known as eabbage-worms or kale-worms, feed on the leaves of tlie cabl)age and other cruciferous plants. About a dozen species occur in North America, the most de- structive of which is Pieris rapw, a European species introduced by way of Canada about 1800, and now spread over nearly all the United States. In the North it is three-brooded, and in the South is probably even more prolific. Its I'ater- l)illar has the green color of the cabbage with a Icmon-vellow dorsal band; and it not onlv eats