Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 03.djvu/883

CADENCE. 777 CADET. except the tonic, the effect is that of avoiding or postponin'T the conclusion ; and the cadence is called, variously. Avoided, Deceptive, or Inter- rupted. This harmonic turning-point is simply a pause, like a comma, or in some cases like an interrogation point. Illustrations of the va- rious cadences will be found in any text-book on harmony. Consult, also, Gow, I'he Structure of Music (Xew York, 1895). CADENCY (Med. Lat. cadentia, from cadere, to fall). In heraldry, the marks by which the shields of the younger members of families are distinguished from those of the elder, and from each other. The study of such devices consti- tutes an extensive and important branch of the heraldic science. Xiue marks of cadency are recognized in modern heraldry. The first son bears the label (fig. 1 ) : the second, the crescent (fig. 2); the third, the mullet (fig. 3); the fourth, the martlet (fig. 4) ; the fifth, the annu- let (fig. 5) ; the sixth, the fleur-de-lys (fig. 6) : the seventh, the rose: the eighth, the cross- moline; the ninth, the octofoil. Tliis system may be indefinitely continued, by charging label upon label, etc., for the grandsons. No distinction is usually made by writers on heraldry, and prob- ably the practice of heralds in general scarcely admits of any being made, between marks of cadency, differences, distinctions, or even hris- vres, though the last term is quite constantly and appropriately used, to include not only dif- ferences in general, but also abatements (q.v. ) or bearings by which the arms of the family are broken or diminished. See Batox. CADETfUS. A name assumed by .Jonathan Swift in a poem addressed to Miss Vanhomrigh. and entitled Cadenus and Vanessa, which the lady's executors published in Dublin, in 1726, but which had been written more than ten years before. The name is an anagram for the Latin word decanus, i.e. dean. See Vaxessa. CADEN'ZA, It. pron. ka-dan'tsi (It., descent, from Lat.. It. cadere, to fall I. In music, a bril- liant passage of ornamental notes introduced toward the end of a musical composition and designed to give it a better roimding off. In in- strumental pieces, it is usually based on themes of the work itself. In former times it was left to the performer to improvise his own cadenzas, but Beethoven was the first to compose them himself rather than rely on inapt performers. The practice of writing cadenzas is still kept up by famous i)layers, as e.g. Ysaye in violin con- certos, and Uo.senthal and Sauer in piano-music. CAD'ER ID'RIS (Welsh, chair of Idris. the giant). A picturcsciue mountain ridge in Mer- ionethshire. Wales, five miles south-southwest of Dolgelly (Map: Wales, C 4). It is seven miles long, and one to three miles broad ; the highest peak, Pen-y-Gader, reaches an elevation of 2925 feet. The view from the cairn at the summit extends across the Irish Sea, and as far as the Wrekin in Shropshire. CADET, Military (Fr., younger brother, Proveni.al capdet, from Med. Lat. capitellum, dim. of Lat. caput, head; so called to distin- guish him from the elder brother, who was the real head of the family, after the father. The military meaning arose from the fact that the younger sons of the French nobility were gen- erally provided for in the army). A student or an accepted candidate for a military commission. In the United States Army, cadets are educated at the Military Academy (q.v.). West Point, N. Y., and the present method of their appoint- ment has been in operation since 1843. The age for admission to the ililitary Academy is between 17 and 22 years of age, appointments, as a rule, being made one year in advance of the date of admission. Application is permissible at any time, by letter to the Secretary of War, to have the name of the applicant placed upon the file, from which it is furnished to the proper Representative or Delegate when a vacancy oc- curs. Application may also be made to the'Con- gressman direct. Each Congressional district and Territory — also the District of Columbia — is en- titled to have one cadet at the Academy. Each State is entitled to have two cadets from the State at large, and thirty are appointed from the United States at large. The appointment from a Congressional district is made upon the recommendation of the Congressman from that district, and those from a State at large upon th'e recommendations of the Senators of the State. Similarly, the appointment from a Territory is made upon the recommendation of the Delegate in Congiess. Each person appointed must be an actual resident of the State. District or Territory from which the appointment is made. The ap- pointments from the District of Columbia and from the United States at large are made by the President of the United States upon his owti se- lection. These latter appointments were orig- inally designed for the benefit of sons of army officers, who, having no permanent abode, are thus debarred from securing an appointment in the usual way. The course of instruction covers a j)eriod of four years, and at its conclusion the cadets are commissioned second lieutenants in the United States Army. See iliLiTAHY Acad- emy, United States, for account of the educa- tion of cadets, and also for an historical sketch of the institution. In England, cadets are triined at Woolwich (q.v. ) and Sandhurst (q.v.), artillery and engineer cadets going to the former, and those destined for cavalry and infantry going to the latter. A similar system of appointment, preparation, and education of military cadets prevails among all £uri)pean armies, further details of which may lie found under Military Eulcatio.n ; Saxdiivrst; Staff Colu:ge. CADET, Xaval. The lowest grade of oflieers of the line, or executive branch, in the United States and other navies. In the United States 'Savy the title was cadct-inidsliipnian until changed by act of Congress in 1882. In 1902 an act of Congress was passed and approved restor- ing the old title of midshipman. Tlie cadets are under instruction at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, for four years, and then serve two