BILI.IAKDS. Pool is plaved with billiard-tables with fifteen numbered balls and one white unnxiuibered ball. This is the cue-ball. The balls are placed on the centre of the table in the form of a truing e, the ai>ex pointed toward the head of the table. The plaver-s object is to pocket as n.any num- bered balls as he can. the number on each ball he pockets being scored to his credit. Pyramid, is also played with fifteen red balls and one white one the (^le-ball. The balls are placed on the centre of the table in the form of a triangle, and the first pUiv.r must strike them with the cue- ball with su'llicient force to cause two or more obiect-balls to strike a cushion, or one at least to CO into a pocket. The following player must distinctly call the number of the ball he intends to pocket, but he need not designate the par- ticular pocket he intends to put it in. In Uu- ca"o pool, the fifteen balls are placed at mter- yals around the cushions. Other pool games, either obsolete or of less importance, are pin pool, two-pin pool, little corporal, red, white and blue, bouchon pool, Parisian pool, higl number pool, and pool for 31 points. For the American game, consult: Modem Billiards, published by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company (New York isni) ; Cady, BiUiards (Xew York, 1890) ; Thatcher, Chaminouship BiUiards. Old and .Veio (Chicago, 1808); for the English game, Broad- foot, Billiards (London. 1896) : Roberts. The Game of Billiards (London 189^ ^ . f°»;^the French game, Vignaux, Le hiUard (Pans, 1889), BILL IN EQUITY. The original process instituting an action or proceeding in a court of chancery, corresponding to a declaration m an action at law, a libel in admiralty courts, or (in England) an allcqation in a spiritual court. It is a complaint in writing addressed to the chan- cellor, giying the names of the parties to the suit, a statement of the matters on which the complainant relies, the allegations which he makes an assertion that the matters complained of are' contrary to equity, and a prayer for re- lief The former practice in the English t ourt of Chancery was to address the petition to the lord chancellor, lord keeper, or lord commis- sioners for the custody of the great seal, unless the seal ^vas in the Kings hands, or the chan- eellor was the petitioner, when it was addressca to the King himself— for. according to U^eie- orv of chanccm-, the jdea was made to the King's conscience. Where the Crown was the suitor, complaint was by information (q.v.). ""t •>>' the Supreme Court .Judicature Act of 1874 all suits now begin by writ. Formerly the seyeral iurisdictions of the United States followed the old chancery pleadings, but in Xew ork and other States which haye adopted codes of ciyil procedure the same pleadings are now estab- lisjied for equity as for common-law actions. Instead of the elaborate bill, the first iileading is now a complaint or petition stating the facts "constituting the cause of action," with demand for iudgment. In the non-code States the old bill is retained, though generally with statutory modifications. . . .
bill niav be either original, as when it ini-
tiates an action, or not original, as w'hen it sup- plements an original hill or is brought by a third party inteiwening in the suit. Hills are char- acterized according to the nature of the remedy sought, as "bill of iieace," "bill of interpleader," 72 BILLINGS. "T)ill of discoyery," etc. See Chanceby; Equityj PBOCEOrRE. BIL'LINGS. A city and county-seat oi Yellowstone County, ilont., 240 miles east by south of Helena: on the Yellowstone Rner, and on the Northern Pacific and the Burlington and .Missouri Riyer railroads (Map: ilontana, E 3). It is the commercial centre "for a yast stock-rais- ing district, the exports of which consist prin- cipally of liye stock and wool, the city being one of the largest inland wo(d markets of the United States. The wool shipments in 1901 ag- gregated about 14,000,000 pounds, and liye stock, 1700 cars. In the yicinity are deposits of coal, marble, and limestone, the city has a public library, an opera house, a new city hall, and a fine courthouse. Population, in 1890, 836; in 1900, 3221. BILLINGS, Fr.vxk (18.54—). An American physician, born at Highland, Iowa County, Vis. lie" studied at the Northwestern Uniyersity Medical School (ISSl) and took post-graduate work in Vienna and Paris in 188.5 and 1886. He was appointed professor of medicine at the Northwestern Uniyersity Medical School in 1890. and professor of medicine at the Rush Medical College. Chicago, and dean of the faculty of that institition in 1898. lie has published the Year Book of Medicine (1901), and yarious niono- giaphs on medical subjects in .inerican journals. BILLINGS, .Toiix Sir.w (1837—). An .merican surgeon and librarian. He was born in Indiana, graduated at Jliami Uniyersity in 18.57. and at the Medical College of Ohio three years later. He then enlcicil the surgeon-generars de- partment of the United States Army, and during the Ciyil War seryed in the field and in hospitals until 1864, when he was transferred^ to the surgeon-general's office in Washington. There he became curator of the Army Medical -Museum and Library and succeeded in making the latter the third hirtrc^t and proliably the most yaluable medical library in the world. The Index-Cata- logue of this library in 16 quarto yolumes, which he prepared, is a work of the highest order, Dr, Billings was also for a number of years professor of hygiene in the I'niyersity of Pennsyhania. On the consolidation, in 1896. of the Astor and Lenox libraries with the Tildcn foundation into the New York Public Lilnary. he was aiipointcd chief librarian of the system. He is an active or an honorarv member of scientific and learned societies in ail parts of the world, notably the National Academy of Sciences and the Koyal Medical and Chiriirgical Society of Loiuhm. He received the degiee of LL.D. from Edinburgh in 1884. and that of D.C.L. from Oxford in 1889. ■Xinon" his numerous publications arc: Principles of Ventilation and Heatinfl (1884); Mortaliti/ and Vital ftlatisties of the United Stales (188o) : ^intional Medical Dictionary (1889) ; Description of the Johns Hophins Hospital (1890); and .<ioeial Statistics of Cities (6 yols. for the Eleventh Census). lie has also con ributed mucli to medical and general periodicals. BILLINGS, Josh. See Shaw, Henby W. BILLINGS, RoiiERT WiLi.i.vM (1813-74). An En.'lish anthiuarian and artist, born in London. He^acqiiircd during a seven years' apprenticeship with .loliii liritton. to|>ographical draught,sman, a taste for and facility in the preparation ot
