CAIN. 793 CAIRNES. CAIN. kiVi'iN', AiGisTE XicoLAs (1822 — ). A Frenrii sculptor, born in Paris. He studied under Guionnet and Rude, .and became well known for his depictions of animal life, in particular of large birds and beasts of prey. Among these may be cited, "Kaj;le Defending its Quarry" (18.52) ; "Lion" (1874: Luxembotfrfr Gardens); "Com- bat Between Two Tigers" (1878); "Rhinoceros Attacked by Tigers." CAIN: A MYSTERY. A tragedy by Lord Byron, begun at Ravenna, .July 16, 1821, com- pleted September 9, and published in December of the same year. It deals with the biblical tale of the fraternal jealousy, the temptation by Luci- fer, and the final murder and expulsion from Eden. It is remarkable as an extremely ingen- ious appeal for s^Tiipathy with the title-character. CAINE, Thom.s Henry Hall (1853—). An English novelist and dramatist. He was born at Runcorn. Cheshire, of Manx descent, but now makes his home on the Isle of Man. Most of his books deal with Manx characters and subjects. He was an architect in early life., but became a ■ inunialist. During the last year of Rossetti's life, Mr. Caine lived with him, and in the same year (1882) published Recollections of Rossetti. Among his other publications are The Shadow of <i Crime (1SS.5); The Deemster (1887); The Bondman (1800); The Scapeqoat (1891); The Manxman (1894); The Christian (1897); and The Etei-nal Citij (1901). Several of his novels have been dramatized. He visited Canada and the United States in 1895-96 to promote the in- ternational copyright movement. QA IRA, sa e'ra' (Fr., it will go, equivalent to our "it's all right'), A French Revolutionary song, the words by Ladre, a street singer, and the melody originally a popular carillon by Kcourt, and a favorite air of Marie Antoinette. The song is said to have been first sung when the mob marched to Versailles. October 5, 1789. At the beginning of the Revolution, when all France was wild over Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, the song ran,
- • Ah, i^a ira, ca ira, <;a ira.
Celiii qui 8 el^ve, on I'abaissera, C^lui (jui 8*abai8se, on I'^levera;" but later, when the fierce passions began to stir, came the refrain, Les aristocrates a la lanterne. CAIRD, kard, Edwabd (1835—). An Eng- lish educator and philosophical writer. He was born in Scotland, and was educated at Glasgow and Oxford universities. He became professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow L'niversity in 1866, and succeeded Dr. Benjamin .Jowett as master of Balliol College, Oxford, in 1893. His published works include The Critical Philosophy of Im- mnnuel Kant (1889) ; Essays on Literature and Philosophy (1892); and The Evolution of Re- liifion (1893). CAIRD. .John- (1820-98). A minister of the Established Church of Scotland, and one of the most eloquent preachers in Great Britain. He was bom at Greenock, on the Clyde, December 15, 1820. He studied at the University of Glasgow, and in 1845 was ordained to the pastorate of the church of Xewton-on-Ayr. whence in 1847 he was transferred to Lady Yester's, Edinburgh. Here his popularity was extraordinary. bit the demands made on his physical energies were so great that he found it necessary to retire to the country, and accepted, in 1849, the country charge of Errol, in Perthshire. A sermon which he preached before the (,)ueen in IS.j,-). in the Church of Crathie. and which was pulilislied. bj- royal command, under the title of Rcli<iioH in Common Life, was universally admired tliroughout (Jreat Britain, translated into German, and published on the Continent under the auspices of Cheva- lier Bunscn, who wrote a preface to it, and sud- denly carried the fame of the author into all parts of the Protestant world. In 1857 Dr. Caird accepted a call to Park Church. Glasgow. In 1862 he was appointed professor of divinity, and in 1873 principal of Glasgow I'niversity. He published Introduction to the Philosopht/ of Religion (1880; 2d ed., 1900) : Hpinoza (1880) ; jwsthumously appeared, edited by his brother, E. Caird, University Sermons (1898); University Addresses (1898); The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity (with Memoir. 2 vols., 1899). He died at Greenock, July 30, 1898. CAIRN, karn (Gael, earn, heap of stones). In archiPologA-, a name applied to a heap of atones erected over a grave or over a body not otherwise buried, or as a landmark. Among ad- vanced peoples cairns are commonly used to mark stations of exploration or survey; among primi- tive peoples a mystical meaning commonl}' at- taches to .such structures. Thus certain Ameri- can tribes build cairns as divide-marks on their trails by carrying stones up-hill as svmbols of the journey, and then casting them aside on the growing heap as tangible emblems of relief from the labor of ascent. See Abch.eology. CAIRNES, kfimz, John Elliott (1823-75). An Irish economist. He was born at Castle Bell- inghara. County Louth, December 20. 1823, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He studied law, and was admitted to the Irish bar, but passed most of his time in writing for the press, chiefly upon economic questions affecting Ireland. In 1856 he was appointed professor of political economy in Dublin, and the next year his professorial lectures were published imder the title Character and Logical Method of Political Economy. He next wrote for Eraser's Maga- zine a series of essaVs on the gold question, in- duced by the sudden increase of supply from California and Australia. In 1859 he was ap- pointed professor of political economy and juris- [irudence in Queen's College. Galway. In 1862 he published his work on The Slave Power, in. which he armly advocated the course of the Northern States, from the standpoint of the economist fully aware of the snjieriority of free to slave labor. His conclusions were to a large extent verified by the results of the war. In 1806 he was appointed professor of political econ- omy in University College, London. From 1860 till his death, which occurred on July 8, 1875, he suffered greatly in health, and this of neces- sity restricted his powers of production; never- theless this was the period in which he wrote his chief work. Some Leading Principles in Po- litical Economy, Xeuly E.rpoundcd (1874). Though in the main an adherent of the school of .T. S. Mill, Cairnes exhibited at all times an original genius and a capacity for rigid logical deduction which enabled liim to restate many of the principles of Mill in a more tenable form. In respect to method, Cairnes treated political economy as almost a pure science, with little concern for the practical application of its prin- ciples. He wrote in defense of the Wage Func!
