Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/114

CAMILLUS. 88 CAMISARCS. Gauls, had swept through Etruria, and captured and (Ipstroyed the whole of Konie exeept the CnpitoK Oaniillus was now recalled and ap- pointed dictator a second time. He achieved a decisive victory over the invaders, rebuilt Rome, and obtained new victories over the Volsci and others. In 380 he was elected dictator for the third time, hut refused the otlice. In 381 Camillus was victorious in the war of Rome against Pra>nestc "and other Latin towns: and in 368 he was elected to his fourth dictatorship, hut abdicated durintr the same year. In 367, when war broke out with the (iauls. Camil- lus. though a very old man, accepted the dicta- torship for the tifth lime, defeated the barba- rians near the site of Alba Longa, and made peace hetwwn patricians and plebeians. After this he erected near the Capitol a temple to Coneord, and, having retired from public life, died about 365, of the plague, lamented by the whole Roman people. CAMINATZIN, kii'-m*-na-tsen', or CACXI- MAZIN ( ? -1520) . King of Tezcuco, ncpliew or cousin of Jlontezuma, and one of the leaders of the war party among the ^Mexicans after the capture of the King by the Spaniards. Cami- natzin successfully opposed every efl'ort of Cortes to make peace with the natives of the City of Jlexico, but was finally taken captive through the instrumentality of Jtontezuma. He perished on the night of the evacuation of ilexico by the Spaniards (the noche tristc), .Tune 30, 1520. CAMISABDS, kam'i-ziirdz (Fr., from OF. camise. smock, less probably from Fr. namisade, attack by night) . The active particii)aMts in the Protestant revolt of 1702 in the Ccvennes, a mountainous regi(in in Southern France, against the persecutions that followed the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. ( See Nantes, Edict of. ) The Camisards belonged to the Romance-speaking people of Gothic descent, who took part in the earliest movements toward religious reform. Calvin was warmly welcomed when he preachecj at NImes, and JlontiK'Uier became the chief cen- tre for the instruction of Huguenot youth: but it was in the triangular mountainous plateau called Ceveiincs. and chielly among the small farmers, the cloth and silk weavers, and the vine- dressers, that Prote«tanti.sm was most widely diffused. These people, who were of a hardy and intlexil)le character, not unlike the Covenanters of the Scottish Highlands, were imbued with the stern principles of Calvinism, readily kindled to the exhortations of their preachers, and were capable of a stubborn resistance. The Edict of Nantes of 1508 and the moderate and conciliatory policy of Richelieu had brought France relief from religious strife, hut a new policy was intro- dviced under T.ouis XIV.. who, conceiving that the internal political exigencies of the realm de- inandcd a uniformity of worship throughoiit its extent, concluded that he would no longer toleriite heresy. A policy of gradually destroying the priv- ileges of the dissenters was begun. They were shut out from public oflices and trade corporations : they were forbidden to marry with Roman (Catholics. and the conversion of their children seven years old and upwanl was encouraged and almost en- forced. In October. 1685. the Edict of Nantes was finally revoked. All dissenting churches were to be destroyed, religious meetings were forbidden under pain of imprisonment and con- fiscation of property; all pastors who would not stoi> preaching at once au<l change their taith were to be banished within fifteen days: exemp- tion from taxes and increased salaries were promised to converted ministers. Huguenot schools were suppressed, and all children were to be baptized and lirought up in the Roman Catho- lic faith. All Huguenots, except ministers, were prohibited from going abroad, and the I)roperty of those who had already gone was declared forfeited unless they returned within four months. In carrying out this harsh de- cree the most savage persecution was indulged in. Torture, hanging, insults worse than death to wo7nen, the galleys and imprisonment for life were the ordinary occurrences for the next sixty years. (See Dk-^oonades.) The number of Huguenots who lied from France at this period has been estimated as liigh as (iOO.OOO ; but a more conservative and reliable figure would place it at 250,000, In the Cfvennes, however, the people were too ]ioor to escape, and all over T^anguedoc the Hu- guenots assembled for purposes of worship in secret. A religi(jus ecstasy ran through the country, and so-called ])rophets appeared among the people. In connection with this |)hase of the excitement, there were note<l those ;ibnormal physical and mental conditions which always follow prolonged fasting and vigils under strong religious excitement. Louvois, Louis XIV. 's War Minister, determined to put down this move- ment in an exemplary manner. An army of 40,- 000 was raised, and forts were erected at Nimes, Saint Hippolyte, Alais. ;ind Anduze. The Abb6 du Chaila, a Roman Catholic missionary from Siam. had been appointed inspector of missions in the Cevennes. lie became an object of nar- ticular aversion to the fanatics on account of his repressive measures in retaliation for their ex- cesses and hold defiance. His assassination. .July 23, 1702, was the first blow in the war. There was to have been a general massacre of Roman Catholic priests, but the plan failed, and the originator. Esprit Seguier. .soon fell. He was succeeded by La Porte, an old soldier, who, as his forces increased, assumed the title of Colonel of the t'hildrcn of Cod, and named his country the Camp of the Eternal. His captains were selected from those on whom the pro|)heti(^ in- Huence had fallen, such as the forest ranger, Castanet, the wool-carders, Condi're and Mazel, and the soldiers, Catinat, .Toany, and Ravenel ; but the most famous were Roland and .Jean Cavalier, the baker's boy (see Cavalier, .Jean). For three years the Camisards held out. Against them was sent an army of 60.000 men. among them an Irish brigade, which had just re- turned from the persecution of the Vaudois. A policy of extermination was commenced, and in the upper Cevennes ahme 466 villages were burned, and nearly the entire population put to the suord. The insurgents, on the other hand, indulged in acts of violence against the Catho- lic poi)ulation and priesthood, of whom more than 4000 are estimated to have perished. Catholic churches were burned in large num- bers. Clement XT. issued a bull against the "execrable race of the ancient Albigenses," prom- ising remission of sins to the holy militia which was now formed among the Ronum C:ilholic population under the name of Cadets of the