Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/182

CANON LAW. 148 CANOPY. to appeals to Rome. (See Clarendon. Consti- TiTio.Ns OF.) Ultimately the royal authority triuniphod and canon law became restricteil al- most ever^vherc to purely relifrious and eicle- siastical questions. It is still authoritative in many countries on many suhjeets.aiul it has n-odi- fied profoundly botli international law and civil law in the various countries of Europe. It is impossible to state brielly, and yet aecuralely, its varying authority in modern times in the dif- ferent countries. Until recently its importance in Germany was very great. Down to the end of the Eighteenth Century it was a c(mstituent ele- ment of the conunon law: since that time its au- thority has been greatly restricted and confined in civil matters to a comparatively few States. In France it was abrogated in 1700 by the 'Civil Constitution of the Clergy,' and it has never re- gained its position. In England it has no direct authority, but some portions of the English law are based upon canon law. In Scotland, curious- ly enough, when one considers Scotch history, the Roman canon law still prevails to a certain ex- tent. Lord Stair said, in his Instiltites of the Scotch Lair,, "So deep hath this canon law been rooted, that even where the Poyie's authority is rejected, yet consideration must be had to these laws, not only as those by which church bene- fices have been erected and ordered, but as like- wise containing many equitable and profitable laws, which, because of their weighty matter, and their being once received, may more fitly be retained than rejected." In two old Scotx-h acts of Parliament, made in 1.540 and 1551, the canon law is used in conjunction with the Roman law to denote the common law of the country, the expression used being '"the common law, baith canon, civil, and statutes of the realme." In the United States some laws borrowed from the English common law are based upon the canon law. The best edition of the Corpus Iiiris Canonici is edited by Friedberg (2 vols., Leipzig, 1879 81). The number of good works on the canon law is very great. Tardif, Hisloire des sources du droit caiionique (Paris, 1887), gives an excel- lent bibliography down to that date. See also Phillips. Kirchenrecht (7 vols., Regensburg, 184.5-72, incomplete; continued bv Vering, Vol. VIII., Regensburg, 1880) : Schuite, Gc.ichichte der Qucllen und hittrratur des canonischen,Rcclits von Gratiiin his avf die Qegenwnrt (.3 vols., Stuttgart, 1875-8."?) : Hinsehius, Das Kirchcn- rechl dcr Katholilccn nnd I'rotestatitcn (4 vols., Berlin, 1800-86) : Maitland, Romnn Canon J,aw in the Church of EmjUind (Cambridge, 1808). CANON OF THE BIBLE. See Bible. CANON OF THE MASS. That part of the mass which contains the fixed rule for celebrat- ing the cucharist in the Roman Church, includ- ing the words whose use is believed to alter the tlcments into the veritable body and blood of Christ. Consequently this part of the mass was the storm-centre of controversy. CANONS, Book of. In Scottish ecclesiastical history, a code of canons or rules for the Church of Scotland, prepared by the Scottish bish- ops in obedience to the command of Charles I., revised by Laud, confirmed by letters patent under the great seal May 2.3, 10.3,'5, and published in 1030. It tended to increase the dissatisfaction prevalent throughout Scotland, which soon broke out violently. It was considered objection- able as the work of Laud, and because it was pronuilgated by the King without consultati(m with either clergy or laity. The canons are jirinted in the fifth volume of the collected works of Laud, Library of Anglo-Catholie The- ology (7 vols., Oxford, 1847-00). See Hurton. History of ficotland. Vol. VI. (Edinlnirgh, 18731. CANONS OF THE CHURCH OF ENG- LAND, The so called constitutions and canons ecclesiastical, agreed upon, with the King's li- cense, in the synod held in London in 1004. They were drawn up by the convocation, in order to give efTect to the decisions of the conference held at Hampton Court, and are. in the main, a digest of old canons, with some new ones added. They are 141 in number. By these canons every cler- gyman was obliged to swear to subscribe willing- ly to the royal supremacy, the Prayer-book, and the Articles. All who declared the Prayer- book or Articles to be in any way superstitious were condemned. This was a defeat for the Puritan party, but most of them took the test oath rather than go into exile. The canons are still authoritative except for the parts revised by later canons. See Walcott. The Constitutions and Cnnonf! Eeclesioslieal of the Church of Eng- land, ele. (Oxford and London, 1H74). CANON'S YEOMAN'S TALE. One of the Cunterliunj Tales. It is told l)V an itinerant and disreputable canon's starving servant and guard, and consists of a description of the vari- ous trickeries practiced by the alchemists, of which the canon is one, upon their credulous and avaricious dupes. CANOP'IC VASES. The name given to the four vases in which the ancient Egyptians used to place the viscera taken from the dead when em- balming them. The vases were mostly of stone, and the lids represented, in later times, the lieads of the four genii, the so-called sons of Osiris, who protected each a special part of the intestines (stonuich and large intestines: small intestines; lungs and heart: liver and gall-bhidder) . The modern name hjs no authorization from the classical writers. CANO'PUS, or CANO'BUS. A city of an- cient Egypt, aliout 14 miles east of Alexandria, at the Canopic nunith of the Nile, which was tlius called after the city. It did not become a place of importance until after the foundation of- Alexandria, when the .Alexandrians used the town as a jileasurc resort, and it had a rather bad reputation. Canopus was an imjiortant ]iort. and had a temple of Serapis, with a famous oracle, much frequented by invalids in pursuit of health. The ruins of this temple were the field of successful excavations in 1803. The Greek name seems to be an assimilation of the name of the legendary helmsman of Menelaus with some un- known I'^.gyptian word. CANOPUS (Lat., from Gk. Kiii-uTOf, KanOpos, a city of Lower Egypt), The name of a very brilliant star of the southern hemisphere, in the constellati(m of the ship Argo. According to Plutarch, it received its name from Canopus, the pilot of ^lenelaus. CANOPY (Fr. canap{. It. canope, Med. Lat. canopium, gauze net. Gk. Kuvuveiov, kOnOpeion, perhaps from K(Jvo(,konos, cone + i><p, Ops, face).