the city, extend almost to the walls. The town. adjacent coiintiy, and port arc commanded by tlie citadel, which is situated at the west end of the town, while seven forts, by their cross-tire, defend the weakest points. The harbor, which was for- merly shallow, has been greatly improved, has a lisht-honse 190 feet high, and a port accessible to the largest vessels. As one of the chief ports of debarkation for travelers from England tn France, it has frequent steam communication with Dover and London. The city is square in form; its streets are, for the most part, broad and well paved: and its ramparts form pleasant prom- enades. Among its objects of interest, the most noticeable are the Church of Notre Dame, the old Hotel de Ville. and the Hotel de (Juise. It has become a manufacturing town of some im- portance. The chief manufactures are bobbin- net (tulle), machine-made lace, hosiery, etc. A number of mills produce silk, wool, cotton, and linen goods, and hats and gloves are e.xtensively made. Calais has also distilleries, salt-refin- eries, and shipyards. Calais sends numerous boats to the herring and cod fisheries on the coasts of Scotland and Iceland. Its exports con- sist of eggs, corn, wine, brandy, etc.. and it is the entrepot for the produce of the district. It also does a large business in petroleum. In 1873 a school of artillery was established in Calais. It has an abundant water-supply, brought from the neighborhood of Ciuines. Population, in 1806, 5ti,n40.
In the Ninth Century Calais was a small fish- ing village. In the following century it was much improved b}- Baldwin IV., C'ount of Flan- ders, and enlarged and strengthened bj' the Count of Boulogne. In 1347, after a long siege, it was captured by Edward III. of England, whose hard terms, and the self-devotion shown by six of the citizens, who were saved bj' Queen Philippa, form one of the most interesting passages of history. The English retained it until 1558. when it was captured by the Duke of Ciuise, since which time (with the exception of two years, 1596-08, when it was in the possession of the Spaniards) it has remained in French hands. Consult : Calton, Annals and Legends of Calais (London, 1852) ; P. W. T., "Modern Calais," in yaulical Maga- zine, Vol. LXVII. (London, 1898).
CAL'AIS and ZETES, ze'tez. In Roman
mytholog}-, the two winged sons of Boreas. They
took part in the Argonautic expedition, during
which they rescued the blind King Phineus from
the attacks of the Harpies. They were said' to
have been slain by Hercule? on the island of
Tenos, where their graves were shown.
CAL'AMAN'DER WOOD. See Ebony.
CAL'AMARY (Neo-Lat. calamnrius, from
Lat. calamus, reed, pen). An Anglicized form of
a European name for certain squids, given in
allusion to the feather-pen-like internal shell,
often called a calamary. Pen-and-ink fish is an-
other and similar name. See Squid.
CALAMATTA, kii'la-mlit'ta, LriGi ( 1802-69) .
An Italian engraver. He was educated in Rome,
but spent much time in Paris. In 1837 the Bel-
gian Government commissioned him to found
and direct a school of engravers in Brussels,
where he had such pupils as (lustave Biot and
Leopold Flameng. He is best known, perhaps,
by the engraving of the head of Napoleon.
Among his numerous works are engravings of
Ary Scheffer's "France.sca da Rimini;" '"La Gio-
conda," after Leonardo da Vinci; a portrait of
George Sand, from life; and the "Madonna della
Sedia" of Raphael. He spent his la.st years as
professor of drawing in the .cademy of Milan.
His engravings are remarkable for correctness
and exquisite finish.
CALAMBA, ka-lUm'ba. A town of Luzon,
Philippines, in the Province of Laguna. It lies
27 miles west of Santa Cruz, and is connected by
roads with several towns of the province. It has
a telegraph station. Population, in 1898, 11.480.
CALAMBUCO, ka'lam-boT)'k(i (Sp., probably
from IVrs. kalanihrik, fragrant wood). A tree
found in the northern part of the island of
Luzon, and considered superior to teak or live
oak for ship-building. It is dark and hard, like
teak, and is proof against the destructive white
ant of the Malay region. Warlike, mechanical,
and agricultural tools and implements are made
from it. The aloes-wood is produced by Aqtii-
lajia agallocha, a large tree with heavy wood,
shaded with green. It is aromatic, and is burned
as incense. Diseased specimens of this and an-
other species are said to yield the eagle-wood.
It is possible that calambuco is a product of the
eame or related species.
CALAME, ka'lam', Alexandre (1810-64). A
Swiss landscape painter. He was born in Vevey,
and studied in Geneva W'ith Diday, whose suc-
cessor as head-master of the art school he
afterwards became. In 1842 he exhibited in
Paris the pictures entitled, "Mont Blanc;"
".Jungfrau;" "Lake of Brienz;" and "Pass of
-Monte Rosa" (now in the Leipzig Gallery).
He settled in Geneva, where he lived until 1863,
and where a monument was dedicated to his
memory, April 3, 1880. He was one of the best
landscape painters of his day, and the best de-
jiicter of Alpine scenery. Besides the pictures
already mentioned, and his numerous fine litho-
graphs and etchings, Calame produced the follow-
ing works.: "Bernese Oberland" (Leipzig Gal-
lery) ; "Pass of Monte Cervino" (ib. ) ; "Ruins of
PiEstum" ( ib. ) ; "Sehreckhorn" ( Basel Jluseum ) ;
"Wetterhorn" (ib.) : "Waterfall Near Meiringen"
(Berne Gallery) ; "Lake of Lucerne" (Berlin Mu-
seum) ; "The Four Seasons" (Geneva Jluseum) ;
"The Four Divisions of the Day" ( Basel Mu-
seum ) ; "Lake of the Four Cantons" ( ib. ) .
CALAMANES, ka-Iii'me-a'nas. A group of
islands in the western part of the Philippine
Archipelago, in latitude 12° N. and longitude
120° E., situated between the islands of Min-
doro (from which it is separated by ifindoro
Strait) and Palawan (Map: Philippine Islands,
D 7). The principal islands are Busuanga and
Calamian. They are all billy mure or less, but
have a very fertile soil, yielding tropical fruits
in abundance. There are some gold and inm de-
posits. The climate is hot and unhealthful. Dur-
ing the Spanish regime the Calamianes, together
with the Cuyos group and the northern part of
Palawan, formed the Province of Calamianes,
with an area of 340 square miles and a popula-
tion of 20.000.
CALAMIANO, ka-Ia'm*-ii'n6, A Visayan
dialed mixed with Tagalog, spoken in northern
I'alawan and the Calamianes Islands. See Phil-
ll'l'I.NK.S.
CAL'AMINE (Fr., from Med. Lat. culamlna, corrupted from Lat. cadmia). A liydrated zinc
