Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/215

CAPITO. i; Reformer. He was born at Hagenau. Alsace, stuiiit'il medicine, law. and theolooj- at Freiburg, and was appointed provost of the Benedictine abbey at Bruchsal in 1.512. In 1513 he was ap- pointed preacher and jirotessor of theology at Basel. He entered the service of the Elector Albert, of Mainz, in 1.519, and in 1.523 became provost of Saint Thomas. Strasburg. Here he declared in favor of the Eeformation. and subse- quently took a prominent part in the Synod of Bern "(15.32) and the Concordia of Wittenberg (1536». He drew up, with Bucer, the Coitfessio Tetmiiolitniia. Consult Baum, Capita mid Bucer (ElbertVld. 1860). CAPITOL (Lat. Capitolium, from caput, head). The citadel of ancient Rome, and site oMhe national sanctuary, the temple of Jupiter. It was situated on the Mons CapitoUuus, the smallest but most famous of the seven hills on which Rome was built. The hill consists of two summits, of which the south was the Capitolium proper, containing the great temple of .Jupiter, while the north was the citadel (an) . though the whole hill is often called Capitol. The natural abruptness of the sides was increased by arti- ficial means, and the whole was strongly forti- fied. It does not seem to have been the site of the earliest settlement, but to have been chosen later as the common citadel for the settlers of the Palatine and Quirinal, as the Forum was thecom- mon meeting-place. The foundation of the great temple of .Jupiter Optimus Maximus, .Juno, and Minen-a was attributed to Tarquinius Priseus, and its dedication to the consul Horatius, B.C. .509. For the foundations great substructures were needed, and in all later rebuildings the same general arrangement seems to have been retained. The building was nearly quadrangular, with three rows of columns in front and one at each side, but none in the rear. The building con- sisted of three simple cellw. one -for each divinity. During the civil wars under Sulla the temple was burned, and after its restoration it was de- stroyed during the Vitellian riots. It was rebuilt by Vespasian, after whose death it was again de- stroyed by fire, but was once more restored by Domitian. Domitian's structure lasted to a late period of the Empire, but was so completely de- stroyed that little remains except the foundation waifs. From that portion of the mount named the Tarpeian Rock State criminals were thrown down. Besides the great temple of Jupiter, the most important structures on the Capitoline Mount were the temple of Jupiter Tonans, built by the Emperor Augustus, and the magnificent Tabu- larium. built by Quintus Catulus B.C. 73, for the archives, and of which the imposing foundations still remain. On the an was the temple of .Juno Moneta. and near by the mint. The north sum- mit is now occupied by the Church of Santa JIaria in Aracffili, the south by dwellings, in- cluding the German embassy. The Piazza di Campidoglio occupies the space between the two summits, with the Palazzo del Senatore on the site of the ancient Tabularium, and on either side the museums of the Capitol, and of the Palazzo dei Conser'atori. See Campidoglio. In the United States, the name is applied to the seat of the Federal legislature (see V.sii- lyr.Tox), and to the State houses of the several States. Many of these are imposing and costly <>uildings, notably those at Albany, Hartford, and 7 CAPITULAKIES. Austin. See illustration accompanying article Alb.xy. CAP'ITOLINE GAMES. Annual games in- stituted B.C. 390. according to Livy, in commemo- ration of the preservation of the Roman capital (citadel) from the Gauls, They were in charge of the guild of the Capitolini, whose membeis were chosen from those who lived on the Capitol. They seem to have l)een discontinued in later times, and never to have been an important pop- ular festival. In a.d. SO Domitian instituted (^apitoline games on the Greek model, which were held every four years down to a late period of the Empire. See C.pitol. CAPITOLINE HILL. See Capitoi.. CAPITOLINE MUSEITM:, The. A small but valuable art collection in a palace built by Michelangelo and situated on the left of the Piazza di Campidoglio. Rome. It was founded toward the end of the Fifteenth Century by Sixtus IV., by the donation to the public of the Papal art collection, and was greatly enriched by Innocent X,, Benedict XIV., Clement XIII.. and Pius VI. It contains many interesting sar- cophagi, also some famous antique statues, among which latter are '"The Dying Gaul," "The Resting Satyr" of Praxiteles, "Leda With the Swan," and "Cupid and Psyche," and, finally, one of the most complete collections in existence of busts of the Roman Emperors. An extension has recently been made to the palace, to contain sculpture found on the Esquiline since 1870. CAPITOLINE WOLF. An ancient bronze in the Consenatori Museum in Rome, represent- ing the suckling of Romulus and Remus by the she-wolf. The figures of the boys are modem, but the wolf stood with other works of art near the Lateran from the fall of the Empire. From the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Century, trials and executions were held at the place where the wolf stood. It was removed to the Palace of the Con- servatori in 1473. CAP'ITOLI NUS. Julius. A Roman writer of the Third Century a.u. To him are ascribed the biographies of the Emperors Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Verus. Pertinax. Albinus, Macri- nus, the Maximini, the Ciordiani, Balbinus, and Pupienus, included in the A ugustan History (q.v.). CAPIT'ULABIES (Fr. capitulaire, Med. Lat. capitulare, from capitulum, chapter, from caput, head). A term used for the orders and consti- tutions published by the Prankish kings. The name was derived from the fact that these con- stitutions were divided into chapters (Lat. capi- tuhi). It is probable that the capitularies were usually the personal work of the ruler, assisted by his councilors: but in some cases the assem- bly of nobles was consulted, and for one class (see below) the assent of the people was neces- .sary. Only nine capitularies of the Merovingian rulers are extant. Those of the Carolingians, especially those of Charles the Great, are very numerous. They may be divided roughly into three classes: (1) Constitutions for the whole Empire, regulating the military senMce, admin- istration, finance, and justice, the relations with the Church, and the personal conduct of the sub- jects. (2) Special constituticms intended to com- plete or modify the law of some one of the I>eoples in the Empire. These were called Capi- lula per se scrihciida, and for them the assent