CAPPS, EinvARD (18G6— ). An American classioal pliilologist, born December 21, 18U(i. He received the defirecs iif A.B. at Illinois Col- lege (18S7). ami Ph.D., Vale University (1S!)1). He was tutor in Latin at Yale from IS'.IO to isn2: assistant professor of Greek at the Uni- versity of Chicago from 1802 to ISiKi; associate professor from 1896 to 1000; and professor in 1000. He is the author of From Homer to Tlwocritus (New York, 1901), and numerous pliilolojrical papers.
CAPRABA, kii-pr:l'rA, Aeneas Syi.vius, Count
(lti;'.l-17Ul ). An Austrian general, born in
ISologna. He entered llie military service of
the Empire, fought under Monteeuculi against
llie Krencli and the Turks, and in 1074 received
an independent cavalry command. He was van-
quished by Turenne at Sinslieim, but distin-
guished himself at Ensisheim, and continued in
the Rhine campaigns until 1G78. In 1G83 and
succeeding years he was active in the defense of
Hungary against Turkish invasion. Appointed
vice-president of the coimcil of war at Vienna, be
persisted in obstructive attacks upon Prince
Eugene.
CAPRARA, Giovanni Battista, Cardinal
(1733-lSlO). An Italian ecclesiastic, of the fam-
ily of the Counts of Montecuculi. He was born
in Bologna, and early entered the career of
ecclesiastical diplomacy, acting as nuncio at
Cologne, Lucerne, and Vienna. He was named
cardinal by Pius VII., in 1702, in recognition of
bis service in the last post, one of peculiar diffi-
culty under Joseph II. In 1703 he was made
Bishop of Jesi, and in 1801, on Napoleon's ex-
])rcss recpiest, legate a latere in Paris. Here he
conducted the very arduous negotiations which
ended in the Concordat. Napoleon nominated
him as Archbishop of Milan, and was crowned
l]y him there with the Iron Crown of Lombardy
in 1805. He ccmtinued to reside in Paris in the
discharge of his duties as legate until they were
terminated by the imprisonment of the Pope. He
<lied there. July 21, 1810. leaving his whole for-
tune to the hospital in Milan.
CAPRERA, ka-prft'ra (It., goat island). A
Tocky island oil' the north coast of Sardinia, 5
miles long and about 2 miles broad (Map: Italy,
D G). It is famous as luiving been at various
times the place of residence of Garibaldi, who
died there June 2, 1832. It supports but a small
population.
CAPRI, kJi'prS (Lat. Cnprew, from caper,
goat). A beautiful rocky island in south Italy,
at the southern entrance to the Bay of Naples,
3t{. miles west of Cape Camj)ane]la — from which
it is separated by the Bocea Piceola — and 20
miles southwest of the city of Naples (Map:
Italy, D 12). It is 4'^ miles long, 3 miles wide,
lO^i miles in circumference, 5'J'i square miles in
area, and has over G200 inhabitants. The high-
est point is!Mount Solaro, on the sontli coast,
1020 feet above the sea, commanding a fine view
of the bays of Gaeta, Naples, and Salerno, with
the Apennines in the background. The indige-
nous flora is rich in variety, and there are many
trees which have been made to ilourisli by the
perseverance of the inhabitants. Ca]ui has al-
ways been celebrated for its deliglilful climate
and pure air, and allhough llie su])i)ly of drink-
ing-water is unsatisfactory, ii is visited yearly
by over 30,000 strangers, who in spring and win-
ter unpleasantly crowd the numerous hotels. It
is;i favorite summer resort for residents of
Nai)les. Capri ( ])opiilati(m, in 1001, 4114), the
<'a])ital of the island:uid an episcopal residence,
is splendidly situated lietween two dills 4G0 feet
bigli. From the Marina Grande, north of the
town, where is found the only good landing-
place on the island, there is daily communica-
tion liy steamboat with Na])les and Sorrento.
Anacapri (po])ulalion, in 1001, 2110), which is
880 feet above the .sea, on a plateau in the western
and more fertile part of the island, is reached
liy a winding road cut through the rock and eoni-
Jileted in 187G. Previously it was necessary to
climb a flight of several hundred steps, which
have recently been restored. The town is com-
manded liy the ruins of the Castle of Barbarossa ,
named after tiic pirate who destroyed it in 1.544.
On the shore north of Anacapri, and 1% miles
west of the Marina Grande, is the famous Blue
Grotto (Grotta Azzurra), which is entered from
the sea by a narrow opening not more than 3
feet high. The grotto is ~!i feet long, 100 feet
liroad, and 41 feet high, with water 48 feet deep.
It was forgotten (hiring the Jliddle Ages, and
rediscovered in 182G. Near the Marina Grande
is the ancient Church of San (^stanzo, the pa-
Iron saint of the island, whose festival is cele-
brated on May 14. The church marks the site
of the ancient town, which jiirates forced its
citizens to abandon in the Fifteenth Century.
In the northeast corner of the island are the
])recipitous rocks, 74.5 feet high, from which
tradition says Tiberius hurled his victims into
the sea, and the ruins of the twelve villas built
by Tiberius in honor of the twelve gods, in the
largest of which (Villa Jovis) he jiassed the last
ten years of his life. Augustus had built palaces
and aqueducts on the ancient Caprea", and these
Tiberius improved. The English captured the
i-land in ISOG. during the Napoleonic wars, and
built fortifications, some of which remain. In
1808 they lost it to the French under Lamarque;
but recovering it in 1813, restored it to King Fer-
dinand IV. of Sicily. Local products comprise fine
white and red wine, oil, oranges, lemons, and
figs, fish, and quails, which, tiring in their mi-
gratory flight between Africa and the north, are
captured here in nets. The United States is rep-
resented by a consular agent. Consult: Gre-
gorovius. Die Insel Capri (Leipzig, 1807): Al-
lers. Capri, illustrated (^Munich, 1804); Furch-
heim, ]iihliO(/r<ifia dell' isi/la di Capri (Naples,
1800); Weichardt, Das Schloss des Tiberius
viid ondcre liiJmerhauten auf Capri (Leipzig,
1000).
CAPRICCIO, ka-pre'chA (It., caprice, prob-
ably from It. raprio, Lat. caper, goat). A kind
of ]iicture com])osed without regard to the or-
dinary rules of jiictorial art, whimsical and
fanciful in idea and arrangement. The artist is
not confined here to recording the natural aspects
of nature, but rather the reverse, such as foliated
ornaments in which human and other figures arc
introduced in attitudes and situations not strict-
ly natural.
CAPRICCIO. In music, a species of free com-
j)iisitiiiii whose form is not subject to rigid rule.
The fancy of the composer is allowed free l>lay,
his aim being to produce piquant and striking
effects, in both melody and harmony, so as to
