Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/229

CARAVAGGIO. 189 CARAWAY. now in the Vatican. This work is excellent in composition, the women are noble in expression, and the men are full of character. The body of ( hrist, thouj;h entirely realistic, is a beautiful representation of the nude. Kubens thought ihis picture worthy to copy and it has been often cnLrraved. The chief galleries of Europe abound in works of Caravaggio, but not nearly all of those ascribed to him are original. By its acquisition of the Giustiniani collection, Berlin is excep- tionally rich, and London has a characteristic ex- ample in "Christ and the Apostles at Eni- niaus." Caravaggio also painted a few portraits, of great realism and force. Of his "Portraits of Himself," the youthful specimen in the Uffizi (Florence) is noted, but his finest piece of por- traiture is probably the "Grand Mastef of the Knights of Jfalta," in the Louvre. Although he had no direct pupils, Caravaggio was of the greatest influence upon the develop- ment of modern art. Even the principal pupils of the Carracci, like Guido Reni and Gucrcino (q.v.l. studied his art. and Domeniehino (q.v.) was influenced by it. He may be justly consid- ered the founder of the Naturalistic School (see P.i.TiXG). and as the advocate of the return to nature, his influence extended beyond Italy into Germany. France, and the Netherlands. Consult: Baglione, Le Tite de' Pittori (Rome, 1649); Bertolotti, Artisti Lomhardi a Eoma (Milan, 18S1); Eisenmann, "Caravaggio," in Dohme's Kvnst und KunKthr (Leipzig, 1879) ; and the article "Caravaggio," in .Julius Meyer, AUncwehiefs Kiinstlerlexikon (Leipzig, 1885). CARAVAN (Fr. caravane, Sp. caravana, from Pers. }:urian, from O. Pers. kuru, people, army). The name given to the great assemblages of travelers which, at stated times, traverse the deserts of -sia and Africa. Most caravans are foi-med for the purposes of trade, the merchants associating themselves for mutual aelp and pro- tection. A caravan sometimes has as many as 1000 camels, which follow each other in single file, so that it may be a mile or more in length. The most celebrated caravans are those formed by pilgrims going to ifecca. particularly those which annually assemble at Cairo and at Damas- cus. The latter consists of thousands of pilgrims and stands under the special protection of the Turkish Sultan. The caravan by which the Per- sians travel to Mecca starts from Bagdad, and is the vehicle of a- very important trade. The great Indian caravan to Mecca, which started from Muscat, has been long given up. The trade between Tripoli and the interior of Africa is exclusively carried on by caravans, likewise that between Darfur and Egj'pt. The great trade between Russia and China is also a cara- van trade. In the East caravans in which the camels have a load of 500 to GOO pounds are called heavy caravans; light caravans are those in which the camels have only half that weight, so that the daily journeys may be longer. Heavy caravans travel from eiirhteen to twenty miles a day; light from twenty-two to twenty- live. The caravans are generallv conducted with great regularity, and assemble at and start from stated places on stated days. The leader of the Mecca caravans is called emirpel - hadj, i.e. prince of the pilgrims. In trade caravans a leader, who is called karwan-bnshi, is elected by the merchants from their own number. In addition to the leader, each caravan has its ser- vants, guides, military escorts, and priest. Obedi- ence is enforced by the leader in the matter of internal discipline, but in trafficking each mem- ber is independent. For a picturesque description of the caravan to Mecca, see Burton, Wanderinys in Three Con- tiiwnlx. CARAVANSERAI, ka'ra-viin'si-rl (Pers. kdrcaii, caravan -f sarai, inn), or Khax. An institution of the East, a sort of unfurnished inn to provide shelter for travelers who journey in caravans, analogous to the dak-bungalows of modern India. It commonly consists of a square building of four wings built round a court- yard, in which the beasts of burden may be inclosed, and where there is a well or spring of water : the lodgings are small rooms, about 7 or 8 feet high, which run round the courtyard, and are bare of furniture. These caravanserais are an institution of very ancient date, being the 'inns' of Gen. xlii. 27, xliii. 21 ; and it was in the stable of such a place, there being no room for his parents in the lodging apartments, that the Saviour was born. They belong either to the Government, to some private individual, or to the Church (mosques). Those situated on the road are xisually free, and the others charge but a nominal fee. There are some large and very handsome caraanserais at Cairo, Damas- cus, Beirut, Aleppo, etc. CAR'AVEL, or CARAVE'LA (Sp., Med. Lat. carahus, a boat, Gk. Kapa^os, karahos, light ship). (1) A small vessel formerly much used in Portugal. It was lateen-rigged, with a single square sail on the foremast, and rarely exceeded 150 tons. (2) A small lateen-rigged fishing ves- sel of ten or fifteen tons used in Spain, Portugal, and the Azores. (3) A large Turkish ship of war. The name was. in Spain and Portugal, formerly applied to larger craft: the caravel of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries was occasion- ally a ship of 200 or 300 tons burden, with four masts, lateen-rigged on three and square-rigged on one, the foremast. As in vessels of the period, the poop and forecastle of a caravel were very high, especially the former. Two of the ships of Columbus were of the caravel type. CARAVELLAS, ka'ra-va'las. A town in the Brazilian Province of Bahia, situated on the Caravellas River, 5 miles from its mouth (Map: Brazil, K 7 ) , and connected with the coast by natural canals. It has a good harbor, and is in couununication by rail with the interior. The exports consist of fish-oil, coffee, and cocoanuts. Population, over 4000. CARAWAIiA, kii'ra-wa'la. A erotaline veno- mous serpent (Hypnale nepa) grfeatly dreaded in southern India. See Crotalid.t; and Plate of FoREir.x ■'KXoxiors Serpents, under Sx.ajce. CARAWAY (Sp. alcarahueya, from Ar. al, the + kfirnriK'i, karaviya, caraway plant; prob- ably from Gk. Kdpov, karon) , Carum carui. A plant of the natural order Umbellifera?, growing wild in Europe and in some parts of Asia. It is cultivated in Europe and in America for its aro- matic seeds (carpels), which are used medici- nally, and as an aromatic condiment, by con- fectioners, distillers, and perfumers, in the preparation of liquors, cakes, sweetmeats, scented soaps, and similar products. It depends for its aromatic properties on a volatile oil called oil