Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/250

CARDING. 210 CARDS. 'doublinj:.' Carding-mnchines for wool are usu- ally arranjred in series of three, called first breaker, second breaker, and finisher. For cot- ton there is one main cylinder with revolving flats. A double-cylinder arranfrenient is used for worsted. For coarser material, such as (lax and jute, fewer small cylinders are required. See Spinning. CARDINIA (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. KapSia, kiirilia, heart). An extinct genus of laniellibranchs found fossil in rocks of Triassie and .Tiirassic age in Europe. Its shell resembles in form that of the conunon Little Neck clam, but is slightly longer and of uiore solid build, with a smooth or concentrically marked outer surface, and without the pearly inner surface. In cross-section the two valves are heart-shaped, whence the name. The shells of this genus, of which less than a dozen species are known, are common in the lower Lias of Great Britain. CAR'DIOID (Gk.Kop5/o, /.«»•(/ in, heart + eUos, eidos, shape, fonn). A heart-shaped curve traced by a point of the circumference of a circle that rolls around another circle of the same diameter. The curve wa,s first studied early in the Eighteenth Century, and is a special ease of Pascal's limagon (q.v. ). Referring the eardioid to rectangular coiirdinates so that the (T-axis coincides with the diameter of the fixed circle and the ,i/-axis is tangent to it. the equa- tion of the eardioid isCor'+r' — ax) "=(/"( a^'+.v"), where a denotes the diameter of the circle. The polar equation is 0P= /> =;.- ( 1 -f cos S). The origin is a cusp. (See Cl'RVES. ) The curve is sjTiinietric with regard to the af-axis, and its area is iira', or six times the area of one of the circles. See Cycloid. CARDI'TIS (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. KapSla, kar- dia, heart). An old name for an affeclion of the heart, due to infection, and consisting of a degeneration of the nuiseles of the heart. It is now termed myocarditis. See He.rt, Diseases OF THE. CARDO'NA. . town of Spain, in the Prov- ince of Barcelona. It is situated on the right bank of the Cardnner, about 44 miles northwest of Barcelona, and is surrounded by walls, pierced with six gates and commanded by a castle (Map: Spain, F 2). It has an old cathedral, and in its vicinity is situated the celebrated Montana de Sal, a hill about 205 feet high, composed of rock salt, which shines brilliantly under the rays of tlie sun. 'nie salt is worked on a large scale and gives <'mplo^nnent to many of the inhabitants. Population, "in 1900, 3900. CARDOON' (OF. cordon, from Med. Lat. cardo, thistle, Lat. carduus, thistle), Cynara car- dnneuliis. A perennial plant of the same genus with the artichoke (q. v.). It is a native of the southern part of Europe and the northern part of .frica. It has long been in cultivation in Europe for the sake of the blanched leafstalks and midribs of the leaves, which are used as a salad, or more generally as a boiled vegetable during winter. It is but little grown in the United States. CARDOSO, klir-do'sS, Jost Joaquin (1802- ■|8). A Mexican jurist and botanist. He was bom at Puebla, and graduated as a lawyer at the Colegio de San lldefonso, Mexico, in 1828. When the secret society Los I'olkos was organ- ized by the Conservatives, during Santa .Vnna's administration, Cardoso established a lodge in opposition to it, which he called La Escocesa, and which exerted considerable influence. In 1854 he was a member of the Liberal conven- tion which prepared the i)Ian of Ayutla, and in 1857 he became a deputy to the First Congress. He repeatedly declined the portfolio of justice tendered to him by his friend. President .Juarez, preferring to devote himself to botanical investi- gations and literary studies. In 1808 he became director of the San Augustin Library (now the National Library), an institution containing thousands of books acquired largely from the convents of Mexico. Cardoso also made several scientific excursions to Popocatepetl and Ori- zaba, discovering and collecting many plants which he subsequently classified Among his bo- tanical and biograidiical works may be men- tioned: La hcrbolaria mcjicana; La flora entro los Aziecas; El melodo de Humboldl ; Linneo el Joven; Cual fu( la primera planta medicinal entre los antiguos; Autobiograf^as mejicanas. CARDS (Fr, carte, card, Med. Lat. carta, charta, card, Lat, charta, paper, from Gk. x^P^Vy chartr, leaf of paper). Cards for jilaying games of chance are of the most remote antiquity, and of almost universal usage. There is evidence that they were in use in Egj'pt in the time of Joseph, but they did not ajipear among the Jews until after their return from the Baby- lonian exile. That their use extended as far east as Hindustan and China at a period long before their introduction into Kiirope is well at- tested. There is documentary proof that they were in use in England in 1240. in S[)ain in 1207, in Italy in 1299, in Germany in l.'iOO, and in France in I.'itil. There are two theories as to who brought them into Europe. Some antiquarians maintain that they followed in the wake of the invading .Saracens, who, after having spread over .Vsia and Africa, crossed the Mediterranean in 711, Others claim that the (Crusaders brought the practice of playing cards from the East, where they had of course come in contact with the Saracens. Gambling was certainly rife among the Crusaders. There is still extant a proclamation against it, issued by the kings of England and France, who were the joint leaders of the Crusade of 1100. From whatever source playing-cards came, every nation of Europe used