in case of neuralgia, the entire trunk of the sec- ond branch of the fifth pair of nerves. Dr. Carnochan added miwh to the renown of Amer- ican surgery. He was ])r<)fi'.ssor of the principles and practice of surgery in the New York Med- ical College, and health ollicer of the Port of Xew York. Besides numerous monographs of value on subjects connected with his profession, he published Trealise on Congenital Dislocations (ISoO), and Contributions to Operative Hurgery (1877-86).
CARNOT', kiir'no', Lazare Hippolyte (ISOl-
SS). A French politician and journalist, the
son of the 'Organizer of 'iclory.' He was born
at Saint Oiiier. April (i. 1801. He studied for
the law, but was debarred from practice for
refusing to take the oatli of allegiance to the
Bourbons. Turning to journalism, lie soon made
a name for himself as a follower of Saint-Simon
and his school, and became editor of Lfi Prudue-
teur, a radical journal of 'the day, but after the
July Revolution forsook Saint-Simonism to a
certain extent. In 1839 he entered the (.hamber
of Deputies as a representative fnmi Paris and
remained until 1848, voting with the extreme
Left. After the February Kevolution he accept-
ed the post of Minister of Public Instniction, but
held it only a few months. Elected to the Legis-
lative As.sembly in Jlay, LS50, he took his place
among the Repiiblieans opposed to the schemes
of Louis Xapolcon. After the coup d'ftat he
refused to swear allegiance to Napoleon, and
though several times elected to the Legislative
Assembly, did not take his seat until 1804. In
1869 he* was defeated in the electiims liy Gam-
betta and by Henri Kochefort, but in 1871 he
was choscm deputy from Seineet-Oise. ilade a
life Senator in 1875, Carnot took a prominent
])art in the debates of the Upper House, and
spoke for the last time in 1888, a few days after
his son Sadi had been elected President of the
Republic. He died March 16, 1888. He was the
author of numerous magazine articles and re-
views, the most important being Exjiosi de la
doctrine Saint-Simonienne (1830); Mcmoires sur
Carnot, par son fits (2 vols., 1861-64): La Revo-
lution frnncaise (2 vols., 1867); Lazare Uoche
(1874); and, with il. d'Angers. Mimoires de
Bcrtrand JSarfre (4 vols., 1842-43). For his
biography consult the Proceedings of the Acade-
mie des Sciences, IMorales et Politiques (Paris,
January, 1894); also Hubbard. I'ne famille r(-
piiblicaiiic: Ics Carnot (Paris, 1888).
CARNOT, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite (1753-1823). A French strategist and mathematician. He was born at Nolay, and becanu-, in 1791, a member of the Legislative Asseuddy from Pas-de-Calais. In the Convention he voted for the death of Louis XVl. He was elected to the Committee of l'nl>lic Safety, intrusted with the chief direction of military all'airs, and greatly contributed to the success of the French arms. He displayed extraordinary ability in this position, alike as a strategist and as an organizer. He created fourteen armies, placed them under the command of competent generals, and inspired
the troops with an ardor which made them irre-
sistible. Though he endeavored to restrict the
power of Robespierre, he was imjioached with
others, after the Reign of Terror, but the charge
was dismissed. Carnot became a member of the
Directory in 1795, but having opposed the ex-
treme measures of Barras, his colleague, he was
suspected of being a royalist and sentenced to
deportation in 1797. Having esea])cd to tier-
many, he wrote his famous defense, in which he
laid bare the character of his associates in the
Directory. The Eighteenth Brunuiire brought
him biu'k to Paris. Bonaparte made him Minis-
ter of War in 1800. In this olliee he helped, by
his energii-, skill, and fertility of administrative
resource, to achieve the brilliant rcsidts of the
Italian and South-tierman campaigns: so that to
him was given the name of 'Organizer of Vic-
tory.' Being unable to agree with Bonaparte, he
resigned in the same year. In 1802 he became
a member of the tribunate, in which capacity he
voted against the establishment of the consulate
for life and particularly against an empire. When
the tribunate was aj)olished, he retired to private
life and devoted himself to his studies. But
when fortune ceased to favor Xajioleon he placed
his services at his conunand in IS 14. The com-
mand of Antwerp was given to him, and the city
was heroically defended. During the Hundred
Days he held office as Jlinister of the Interior.
The title of Count was conferred upon liim. but
he never bore it. After the second restoration
he withdrew to Warsaw, aiul from thence to
Magdebirg, where he died, August 3, 1823. Car-
not's chief contribution to nuitliematieal science
is a class of general tlu'orems on the projective
properties of figures, which later formed the
basis for the important works of Poncelet and
others. Among his numerous writings on mathe-
matics and military tactics are Essai sur les ma-
chines en' general (1786); Reflexions sur la
mctdphysique du calcnl infinitesimal (1797);
and Qcometrie de position (1803). Consult
Arago, "Eulogy of Carnot," in Vol. I. of Arago's
CEuvres completes (Paris, 1854).
CARNOT, Marie François Sade (1S37-94).
Presichnt of the French Republic from 1887 to
1894. He was the son of Lazare Hippolyte Car-
not, and was born at Limoges, August 11, 1837.
He received a scientific education, became an
engineer, and advani'cd rapidly in his profession,
acquiring a considerable reputation as the con-
structor of the large tulmlar bridge at Collonges-
sur-Rhone. In 1870 he was stationed as Goveni-
ment engineer at Amu'cy and in 1S71 Gambetta,
who was then Jlinister of the Interior, made
him the prefect of the Department of Seine In-
ferieure. In this capacity he remlered impor-
tant services to the (!overnnu>nt. but after the
capitulation of Paris resigned his olliee and
sat as a deputy from Cote d'Or in the Na-
tional Assembly. There he took a prominent
part in all discussions concerning the futiire
form of government for France, voting always
with the Kepublicans of the Left, for whom he
acted as secretary. He lieeame a niendier of the
new Chamber of Deputies in 1876. and in 1S77
was secretary to the Chamber, besides being
prominent in connection with fhe Public Works
Connnittee. In lSSO-81 he was Minister of Pub-'
lie Works, and h<d(l the same olliee again in 1885,
in the Brisson ^Ministry, in which he later acted
as Minister of Finance. On December 3, 1SS7,
he was elected to siuceed Gr<^vy as President of
the Republic. In the perfornuince of the high
functions of this office, Carnot won the respect
of;)1! by his tact and ability. He passed un-
scathed tlirough the Panama disclosures of 1892.
His term of office was almost over when he was
