Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/289

risiu, in ISOo, and siute tlien the operation has been successfully performed many times. Owing to the numerous intercliauges of branches be- tween vessels of both sides of the head, cutting off the su])ply of blood through one carotid is seldom followed by impairment of brain struc- ture or function. The common carotid in the horse is the termination of the right arteria in-

CAHOTID AKTERY.

nominata. It is a large vessel about an inch long, which emerges from the chest below the windpipe, and divides into the right and left carotids. These bend upward, having the wind- pipe between them gradually inclining inward at the upper part, where each divides into ex- ternal and internal carotids, and a large anasto- mosing branch arising from between these two. Consult Toldt, Anatomisoher Atlas (Berlin and Vienna, 1000).

CAR'OTIN (Lat. carota, carrot). A group name for the yellow pigments common in leaves. Carotin is probably identical with the so-called xanthophyll. The yellow pigments may be dis- solved out from leaves by alcohol and partially separated from the green ones (chlorophyll) by shaking the solution with benzine. After stand- ing a short time, most of the green, being more freely soluble in the l>enzine, floats on the alcohol, which contains most of the yellow. Crjstals of carotin may also be formed in the leaf-cells by appropriate treatment. Similar slender orange crystals are found in the color-bodies (see CiiROMOi'L.STS) of the carrot, from which the pigment took its name, and in some fruits. Ac- cording to .Arnaud, carotin is a hydrocarbon hav- ini; the cuniposition C'ajH;;^. ^e Etiolin.

CAROTO, kà-rō'tô, Gian Francesco (1470- 1546). An Italian painter, born in Verona. He studied under Mantegna, whom he surpassed in majesty and harmony. His later works, which are said to imitate the manner of Leonardo, are severe in outline, but warmly colored. Most of his works are found in Verona, where the best-known is his series of pictures on the "History of Tobias," in Sant' Eusemia.

CAROUGE, ka'roozh'. A town of Switzer- land, situated about one mile south of Geneva, on the left bank of the Arve (Map: Switzerland, A 2). It is regularl}' built, is surrounded by villas, orchards, and meadows, and has a hand- some church. There are manufactures of thread, clay pipes, leather, watches, and pottery, as well as of machinery and ironwork. A bridge across tlie Arve connects the town with Geneva. In 1780 the King of Sardinia, as ruler of Savoy, tried to make Carouge the industrial rival of Geneva, but failed. Population, in 11)00, 7400.

CARP (Ger. Karpfe, OHG. charpho, leel. I^nr/i, Welsh carp, Russ. karpii, probably bor- rowed from the Germanic). A fresh-water lish [Cyprinus carpio) , tj'pical of the family Cypri- nid;e (q.v. ), now acclimated in all parts of the world. The body is robust, compressed, and cov- ered with large scales; head naked: mouth rather small, toothless, with Heshy lips and four well- develuped barbels. The dorsal tin is quite long, tile anal nuich shorter. The color is a uniform dark brown above, growing quite light on the ventral side. The carp may attain a weight of 40 to 50 pounds, but the usual weight is mucli less than this. It thrives best in lakes and ponds, and in streams seeks the quiet, sluggish waters, ^here it feeds largely on vegetable mat- ter, but will also eat insect-larvae, worms, etc. The carp may reach an age of 200 years. It .spawns about June; the eggs, which are small, transparent, and number several hundred thou- sand, are fastened to aquatic weeds, where they will endure great vicissitudes of weather and temi)erature. During the w inter months it hiber- nates and does not take food. So exceedingly hardy is it, that it may be kept alive even for days in moist moss if properly fed, and consequently may be transported great distances with facility.

The original home of the carp was southeastern Asia, where it has been tamed and cultivated since the earliest times by the Chinese, and where it is still found wild. It was introduced into northern Europe several centuries ago, and trans- planted about the Fourteenth Century to Great Britain, under the name of German carp. From Europe it has been brought casually to Xorth America, and about 1870 a strong effort was made to plant it extensively in the still waters of the United States ; this succeeded widely, but the extreme prolificacy of the fish, quickly over- crowding small ponds, and the comparative coarseness of its flesh, which is readily tainted by foul waters, have prevented it finding as great favor with the American public as in Gentian Europe. There are three varieties of carp: (1) the scale-carp, which, excepting the head, is entirely covered with scales; (2) the mirror- carp (^picgelkarpfe of the Germans), which has three to four rows of very large scales along the sides, the rest of the body remaining bare: (3) the leather-carp (Lederkarpfe) , in which the scales are entirely wanting. .Ml these are equally good as food, although a preference is often shown for the scaled variety. To the angler, the carp is not a very valuable fish, as he is by no means a free biter. Several other fishes are called carps, notably the European congener called Crucian (q.v.), and the closely allied gold- fish ; also some entirely different ones, as the sea- bream and the American carp-suckers. See Plate of Cakps ..d EuKorEAX .Vi.r.iics.

CARP, Petraciie (18.37—). A Rumanian statesman. He was bom at Jassy, studied at