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CARPENTARIA. 243 CARPENTER. CAR-'PENTA'RIA, Gulf of. A broad and deep iiideulaliou of the north coast of Australia, witn an ?vera<^e leiijrth and breadth of 350 miles, stretching from latitude 11° to 17° 30' S., and from lon<.'itude 13(i° to 142° E. (Map: Australia, F 1 ). It was named after Carpenter, a Dutchman, who discovered and partly explored it in 1027. The gtilf contains many islands. The shores are generally low with extensive indentations on the western coast. CAR'PENTER (OF. carpentier, Med. Lat. an-iKiitorius. from Lat. carpentum, cart, from Ir. carbad, cairbh, chariot, carb, basket). Navy. An orticer of warrant rank in the United States and British navies who acts as assistant to the execu- tive otliccr in keeping the hull, spars, boats, etc., of a man-of-war in good condition. In the days of wooden ships he was a skilled mechanic in wooden shipbuilding, but since the advent of iron and steel ships he has been required to have a tliorough knowledge of metal-working and a practical knowledge of shipbuilding in iron and steel, as well as of wood-working. The carpenter of a ship of the navy is assisted by several artisans, called collectively the carpenter's gang, which includes shipwrights, plumbers, black- smiths, painters, and carpenter's mates. WHien a carpenter has served ten years as such he is commissioned as a chief carpenter, with the rank of ensign. His pay and status are the same as those of the boatswain. CARPENTER, Lant (1780-1840). An Eng- lish Initarian minister. He was bom in Kidder- minster, studied at the University of Glasgow, taught school from 1803 to 1805, and was em- ployed in the Liverpool Athenaeum. He then be- came pastor of a church in Exeter, and in 1817 removed to Bristol. At both places he conducted schools, having Harriet and James Martineau among his pupils in Bristol. He was much interested in the religious instruction of children, and established several Sunday-schools. He did much to broaden the spirit of English Unitarian- ism. He rejected the rite of baptism as a super- stition and substituted a form of infant dedica- tion. Among his works are: Unitarianisni, the Doctrine of the Gospel (1809) ; Systematic Edu- cation (2 vols., I8I5) ; Examination of the Charges Made Against Unitarians (1820); and Principles of Education (1820). Con.sult his Memoirs, edited by his son, R. L. Carpenter (London. 1842). CARPENTER, Louis George (1801 — ). An American irrigation engineer, born in Orion, Mich. He graduated in 1879 at the Michigan -Agricultural College, studied at Johns Hopkins University, and was appointed assistant professor of mathematics and engineering at the former in- stitution. In I88S he was appointed professor of engineering and physics at the Colorado .Agri- cultural College. He was special agent of the United States artesian-wells investigation in 1890; founded the .American Society of Irrigation Engineers in 1891, and in 1899 was appointed director of the agricultural experiment st.ation at the Colorado .Agricultural College. The first systematic instruction in engineering given in any American college was organized by bim. His publications include various Government reports. CARPENTER, Mart (1807-77). An Eng- lish philanlhropist, the eldest child of the Rev. Dr. Lant Carpenter (q.v.). She took an active jiart in the movement in behalf of orphaned or neglected children, and besides advocating their cause in her writings, founded several refoniia- tories for girls, one of which, the Red Lodge Reformatory, she superintended. In the prosecu- tion of her philanthropic labors, she visited India three times, and in 1871 organized the National Indian Association, whose journal she edited. Among her intimate friends were Harriet Mar- tineau and Frances Power Cobbe, the latter being for some time associated with her at Red Lodge. She published: Reformatory Schools (1881) ; Ju- venile Delinquents (1853); Our Conricts (2 vols., 1804), a book which drew public attention to the treatment of young criminals : and Six Months in India (2 "vols., 1808). Consult J. E. Carpenter, Life and ^yorh of Mary Carpenter (London. 1879). CARPENTER, Matthew Hale (1824-81). An American lawyer and politiciiui, lujni in ilorctown. ^'t. He spent two years in the United States ililitary Academy; studied law with Ru- fus Choate. and in 1848 settled in Wisconsin. He was remarkably successful as a lawyer, and was especially notable for his defense of W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War, when the latter was impeached before the House of Representatives, and for his argimient in favor of Samuel .T. Tilden before the Electoral Colnmission (q.v.). Carpenter was twice elected United States Sena- tor from Wisconsin, serving from 1809 to 1875, and again from 1879 until his death. Consult Flower, Life of Matthew Hale Carpenter (Madi- son, Wis., 1883). CARPENTER, Rolla Clinton (1852—). An American engineer. He was born at Orion, Mich., and was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1875. In 1878 he was appointed professor of mathematics and civil engineering in the Michigan Agricultural College, where he also had charge of the mechanical department from its organization until 1888. In 1890 he became associate professor of experimental engi- neering at Cornell University, also conducting the laboratory of the department of experimental mechanics and research, probably the best depart- ment of its kind hitherto established. He was president of the Michigan Engineering Society in 1889; chairman of the national committee for the education of engineers in 1891 : and president of the .American Society of Heating and Venti- lating Engineers (1898). In addition to nunier- ■ ous scientific papers, he has published the follow- ing works: Instructions for Mechanical Labora- tory Practice: and Text-Book of Experimental Engineering (1892). CARPENTER, William Benjamin (1813- 85). -An English physiologist, born at Exeter. Soon after his graduation in Edinburgh, in 1839, he published his Principles of (lenrral and Com- paratire Physiology, afterwards divided into The Principles of Comparative Physiology and The Principles of General Physiology. These works, together with The Principles of Human Physiol- ogy (1840, and still a standard work, after going through many editions) and The I'rinciples of Mental Physiology (1874), form a perfect cyclo- p;rdia of biological science. Carpenter likewise published: .4 Manual of Physiology; The Micro- scope, Its Heielations and Its Uses (Gth ed., 1881): a prize essay upon The Use and Abuse of Alcoholic Liquors (1851); and numerous