sary under the circumstances, and had been done under orders. He was, however, condemned and guillotined, December 16, 1794.
CARRIER, Joseph Aigiste (1800-75). A
Fri'iuli :iriist, born in Paris. He studied under
Saint, llie miniature painter, and exhibited
frequently at the Salon. Among his best por-
traits in miniature are those of Baron La-
garde and the Bishop of Poitiers (1834). He
afterwards painted landscapes, with less success.
CARRIER, or Homing Pigeox. See Pigeon.
CARRIERA, ka-rvn'ra. Rosalba (1675-1757). An Italian painter, born in Venice. She began while very young to design lace, and then applied herself to the decoration of snuff-boxes under Jean Stève in Venice. He taught her miniature-painting. by which and by her portraits in crayon, once compared with those of Correggio, she is principally known. In 1720, already famous, she visited Paris and painted portraits of the King Louis XV. and the nobles and ladies of his Court. She was elected a member of the Academy, and presented as her "picture of reception" a "Muse Crowned with Laurel." While in Paris she kept a diary (published by the Abbé Vianelli in 1703), which gives a most entertaining account of her visit there. She returned to Venice in 1721, visited Modena and Vienna, and was everywhere received with much enthusiasm. Toward the end of her life she became blind through overwork. There are one hundred and forty-three of her drawings in the gallery in Dresden, and the Louvre, Uffizi, and Saint Petersburg galleries own others. Consult the new ed. (French) of her diary, with life and notes (Paris, 1865) .
CARRIER-BELLEUSE, ka'rya' be-lez', Albert Ernest (1824-87). A French sculptor, born at Anizy-le-Cliateau, Aisne. Compelled from early voutli to earn liis living, he studied but
intermittently at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and
was hardly known until his return from England
in 1855. In 1861 he received a third-class medal,
and in 1866 a first-class medal for his statue
"Angelica." His beautiful busts in terra-cotta
best represent his art. He also executed many
striking busts of Xapoleon III., .Jules Simon,
Kenan, and others in bronze and marble. Toward
the end of his hie he became director of the works
at Sevres, to which he gave new energj-. Among
the statues of this artist should be mentioned
"PhC-be endormie" (1860), at the Luxembourg,
a monument to the memory of Massena at Xice
(1868), some carvings in the Louvre, and a
chimney-piece and two candelabra in the foyer
of the Opera House in Paris.
CARRIERE, kiir'yai-', Eugi>xe Axatole (1840—). . French painter, born in Gournay, Seine ct Marne. He studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and under Cabanal, but his subjects and his treatment of them are quite individual. He chooses the humble side of life, and
invests it with a kind of melancholy grace. At its best this is seen in "La .Teune M&re," in the Museum of Avignon, and in "La Maternite," in the Luxembourg. He also painted some decorations in the Hotel de Ville, Paris, and in the Sorbonne.
CARRIERE, ^foRlTZ (1817-05). A German
philosopher and writer on spsthetics. He was
professor at Giessen, and later at Munich, and
the atithor of many works on philosophy, re-
ligion, a'sthetics. and poetry. lie was an art
critic of higli rank. In philosopliy lie started as a
Hegelian, but later followed more nearly the sys-
tem of Fichte. His chief works are: AcstJielik
(2d ed. 1873) ; Die Kiiiist im 'Auxammcnhang der
Knltureiitiiirkhmtj mid die Ideale der Moi.ich-
heit (5 vols., 3d ed. 1876-86) ; and Die sitlliche
Weltoidiiuii(i (1877). Mis Gesammelfe Werke,
13 vols., appeared in Leipzig in 1886-01.
CARRINGTON, Henry Beebee (1824—). An American soldier and militaiy historian, born in W'allingford, Conn. He graduated at Yale in 1845, and afterwards studied at the Yale Law School and practiced law in Columbus, Ohio. In 1857, while on the staff of Governor Chase, he heljied to organize the State militia; and at the outbreak of the Civil War he was made colonel ot the Eighteenth United States Infantry, and soon afterwards brigadier-general of volunteers.
After the close of the war he served in the ^^'est
till 1869, and in 1870 was made professor of mili-
tary science in Wabash College, Indiana. In 1800
he took a census of the Six Xations and the
Cherokees. His principal writings are: Buttles
of the Rei-oliitio}i (1876), regarded as the best
military historj- of the Revolutionary War; /i'«.9-
sia as a yation (1849) ; The ^yashillgton Obelish
and its Voices (1887) ; Washinyton, the Soldier;
and Lufaijctte and American Independence.
CARRINGTON, PacHARD Christophee ( 1826-
75). An English astronomer, born in Chelsea. He
was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and
from 1840 to 1852 held the post of observer at
the University of Durham. From 1852 he con-
ducted valuable private investigations at an ob-
.servatorj- erected by himself near Reigate (Sur-
rey). He was secretary of the Royal Astronomi-
cal Society in 1857-62, and was elected to a fel-
lowship in the Royal Society in 1860. His chief
contributions to science were included in his
Catalofine of 3TSS Circumpolar Stars ( 1857) , and
Ohserrntions of the Spots on the Sun (1853).
The effect of the latter work upon the study of
solar physics was very decided.
CARRION-CROW. Any of various large black or dark-colored birds which feed on carrion ; in the United States, and southward, the black vulture {Catluirista atrata), a close relative of the turkey-buzzard. It is considerably larger than a crow, the plumage is blackish, and the head is bare, but most of the neck is feathered. It is found abundantly along the Gulf
coast and northward to Xorth Carolina, and is
esjiecially common in the cities and large towns,
where it is protected as an indispensable scav-
enger, and often, as notably about the market in
Charleston, becomes half domesticated. The nest
is made on the ground under logs or 1)ushes ; the
eggs are one to three in number, bluish-white,
more or less spotted with brown. In England
the 'carrion-crow' is a true crow (Corvus corone) .
It is the most like the American crow of
any of the five British species, but is a little
larger; seldom appears in (locks, but is more of
a solitary' bird; and not only eats carrion, hut
even attacks weak animals, such as young lambs,
and rificii piiti the eggs and young of other birds.
CARRION-FLOWER. See Siiii,ax.
CARRION-HAWK. The birds so frequently r< ii'iicd (ii by lliis name in Darwin's A Vn/i/rajist's Voijaye ( London, 2d ed., 1877) are caracaras.
