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CAKTAGENA. 262 CARTEL. structures are the Gothic cathedral, dating from the Thirteenth Century, which in the Middle Afies is said to have hvvn iine of the richest in Spain; the llospital ililitar, on a fine site over- looking the sea ; the Hospital de la Caridad, which accommodates 000 patients; the Cuartel de Guardias Marinas, and the Presidio. The leading feature of the city is the arsenal, occupying a site on the soutlniest, which has an extensive cipiipmcnt of foundries, matliine- shop^s. barracks, hospitals, dockyards, docks, etc., nil of its facilities being on a large scale. A mar- ine scliool also is maintained, t'artagena is an episcopal see, and contains a mniibcr of educa- tional institutions, both public and private. Good water is supplied through a new aipieduet. With its suburbs. Cartagena constitutes an im- portant commercial and mining centre, and it is also the seat of considerable industrial interests. Lead, argentiferous ore, iron, mangauiferous iron, and some ct)ppcr and zinc are miiuHl in the vicinity. There are extensive smelting-works, gla.ss-works. and manufactures of esi)arto grass wares, sailclotli. cordage, soap, pottery, liquors, etc. The tunny fishery and ship-buildiug also are industries of im|)ortance. The connncrce of the city consists of an export trade in minerals, es- parto, oranges, and lemons, and imports of nia- chinerv, provisions, coal and coke, timber, etc. Popuh'uion, in 1001. 103.373. Cartagena, anciently known as Carthago ?ora and Cartha;i<> L'spartaria. was founded in B.C. 228 by Uasdrubal. As the Cartliaginian headquarters in Spain, it became a town of importance, and had equal inlluence under the Romans after its capture by Scipio in B.C. 210. In a.d. 425 Carta- gena was sacked by the Vandals; early in the Eighth Century it was taken by the Saracens. Saint Ferdinand of Castile captured the city in 1244 : but it was retaken, and not until it fell be- fore the arms of .Tames I. of Aragon did it come finally into Christian hands. In 1.50!) Cardinal Ximcnez sailed from Cartagena on the famous ex- pedition against Oran. In the War of the Sjjan- ish Succession, it was taken (1706) by an English-Dutch fleet, but was recovered shortly afterwards. It surrendered to the French in 1S23. In the political struggles of the Xine- tcenth Century. Cartagena played comparatively an unimportant part iintil 1S73. when it pro- claimeil an indejiendenl cantonal government. The insurrection was soon put down, but not until the city ha<l sulTercd a disastrous bombardment. CARTAGENA, or CARTHAGENA. A for- tifieil sca])orl and capital of tlic Coloml)ian .State of Bolivar, situated on a peninsula where the shore of the Caribbean Sea bends abruptly toward the south to form the Gulf of Paricn (ilap: Co- lombia, B 1). Its temperature averages 82° F., and its location is unhealthful. The city is sur- rounded by the old fortifications and po.ssc.sses a cathedral, two fine churches, a Government build- ing, a college, seminary, and a theatre. The har- bor is a good one. but has a dilhcult entrance, and has lost its importance since the ojicning of the harbor at Sabanilla. The town manufactures chocolate and candles, and exports cattle, hides, fine woods, precious stones, and tobacco. Popu- lation estimated at 20,000. Cartagena was founded by Doni Pedro de Heredia in 1.533. and was an object of attack for English freebooters, who burned it under Drake in I5H.5. It resisted an assault by the English in 1741, was cap- tured by Spain during the war for independence, 1815, and was retaken by the patriots in 1821. CARTAGO, kiir-til'gA. Thceapital of the prov- ince of the same name in Costa Kiea, Central Amer- ica (Map: Central America, K (i). It lies about 14 miles southeast of San .lose, the capital, with which it is connected l)y mil. It is regularly built, but most of its public bullilings bear marks of the earthquakes from which the city has sufl'ered. The town has a considerable coffee trade, and derives much importance from its position on the inleroeeanic railway. Cartago was known in the Sixteenth Century, having been in existence as early as 1522. As the seat of government it at- tained to considerable prominence, and in 1823 is said to have contained 30,000 inhabitants. The civil wars and seismic disturbances, however, contributed to its decline, and the capital was moved to San Jose. Population, in 1892, 34!)1. CARTE, Thomas (1080-1754). An English historian. He was a son of Sanuiel Carte, the antiquarian and divine, and was born at Clifton. He was educated at Oxford and took his B.A. degree in 1702, then i)roceeded to Cambridge and attained his M.A. in 1700. He received holy orders in 1707, and was appointed reader at the Abbey Church, Bath : but subsequently as a Stuart loyalist refused allegiance to (Jeorge 1., and resigned. Because he was secretary to Bishop Atterbury and a suspected accomplice in that prelate's conspiracy. £1000 was oti'ered for his arrest, but he escaped to France. He was al- lowed to return in 1728, and in 173G pulilished a Life of James, Duke of Ormonde, 2 vols. In 1747-55 apiieared his History of EntjUnid to Kioi, 4 vols. The work is of value for its abundance of nuiterials. to which Hume and other historians have acknowledged their indebtedness. Carte was an indefatigable student. His other works include illustrations for the Iliston/ of Thuaiiiis (De Thou), edited by S. Buckley (7' vols., 1733) ; and 20 folio and 15 quarto JIS. volumes of valu- able English historical remains to 1088 are pre- served, and have been much drawn ujion in the Bodleian I.ibr.ary, Oxford. Carte died April 2, 1754, at Caldccott House, near Abingdon. His Jlisiory of Eniiland was republished at Oxford in 1851, fi vols. Consult: Nichols. Litrranf Anecdotes, Vol. IT. (l.ondcm. 181215); and his lUtistrations of Literary History (London, 1817- 58), v., 152-G. CARTE BLANCHE, kart bliixsh (Fr., white pai)er), . blank pajH^r :uithenticatcd with an authoritative signature and intrusted to some (me to be tilled up as he may think best. Thus, in 1040. Charles II. tried to save his father's life by sending from The Hagtie to the Parliament a signed carte blanche to be filled up with any terms which they would accept as the price of his safety. By a metai)horical application, the term has come to denote unlimited authority, freedom to do as one wills. CARTEL' (Fr., It. cartello, Med. Lat. cnr- tellas, (limin. of carta, paper). An agreement relative to the exchange of prisoners. A cartel- ship, or cartel, is one conunissioned to carry pris- oners or proposals of any kind Ijctween belliger- ents, and is not permitted to carry an annament (except a gun for making signals), cargo, am- nuinition, military stores, or instruments of war- fare. A violation of the conditions imposed rcn-