Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/315

CABTHAGE. 267 CAKTIER. Iowa, on the Wabasli and the Chicago, Burling- ton and Quiiiiy railroads (Map: Illinois, A3). It is the seat of Carthage College (Lutheran), opened in 1S72. Settled in 1S37, Carthage was chartered as a eitv in ISSo. Population, in 1890. It!.i4: in IHOO) 2104. CARTHAGE. A city and county-seat of Jas- per County, ilo., 150 miles southeast of Kansas City, on Spring River, and on the Missouri Pacific, the Saint Louis and San Francisco, and other rail- roads (ilap: Missouri, B 4). It has lead and zinc ]nines, stone and lime works, foundries, flour- mills, bed-spring and furniture factories, and plants for the manufacture of plows, woolen goods, and ice. The principal articles of ex- port are stone, marble, grain, fruit, poultry, and live stock. The city has two parks, a handsome county court-house, and a public library (Car- negie), and is the seat of Carthage College. Settled in 1S33, Carthage was destroyed during the Civil War, and was entirely rebuilt after 1866. It was incorporated in 1873, and is gov- erned under a charter of 1890, providing for a mayor, elected every two years, and a city coim- cil. The electric-light plant is owned and oper- ated by the municipality. On July 5, 1861, a force of about 3.500 Confederates, under Generals Jackson and Price, met a L'nion force of about 1.500, under General Sigel, seven miles east of Carthage, and in the battle which ensued the former lost about 200. and the latter about 50, in killed and wounded. After several hours of fighting General Sigel. to prevent the Con- tederate ca,Talry from outflanking him and cut- ting otr his baggage-train, fell back in good order to Carthage. Population, in 1890, 7981; in limo. 9416. CARTHAGE'NA, ,<?;>. proti. kiir'ti-Ha'na. See CART.VtiEXA. CARTHA'GO NO'VA, Spain. See C.bta- CEXA. CAR'THAMINE, or CARTHAM'EINE (Fr. carthamine, from Xeo-Lat. Carthamus, from Ar. qirtim, qitrtum, Carthamus, from qartama, to cut off), C,,n„,0,. A natural dye obtained by a chemical process from safflower {Carthamus tinctorius) in crystals which are insoluble in water, but slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. When newly precipitated, carthamine immedi- ately and permanently attaches itself to cotton or silk (but not to wool I requiring no mordant, dyeing the fabric a fine red. which is changed to yellow on the addition of alkalies, and may be returned to red again on being treated with acids. When fused with caustic potash, it is transforTiied indi ])ara-ox3'-benzoic acid. CARTHU'SIANS. A monastic order which owes its origin to Saint Bruno (q.v.), who re- tired in 1086. with six companions, to the soli- tude of La Chartreuse (whence the name), near Grenoble, wlierc they built hermitages, wore rude garments, and lived upon vegetubles and coarse bread. The fifth prior. Guigo (died 1137). com- posed a body of rules, called the Slatuta Guigo- ills, or f'onxuetudines f'artnsur, but they have often been changed. After 1170, when the order received Papal approbation, it extended rapidly. It dates from 1180 in England, where the name of Chartreuse Houses was corrupted into Charter Houses. The ordct is now conducted under the rules approved in 1682 by Pope Innocent XL Vol. IV.— im. The Carthusians were divided into two classes — fathers [i>iitres) and lay brothers {couvcrsi). Each father occupied a separate cell, with a bed of straw, a pillow, a woolen coverlet, and the means of manual labor (U- of writing. They left their cell, even for meals, only on festivals and on days of the funeral of a l)rother of the older. Thrice a week they fasted on bread, water, and salt, and there were several lengthened fasts in the year. Flesh was forbidden at all times, and wine, unless mixed with water. L'nbroken si- lence, except on rare occasions, was enforced, as well as frequent prayer and night watching. These austerities were continued, with little modification, by the modern Carthusians. The order at one time counted sixteen provinces, and boasted of the most magnificent convents in the world — as La Grande Chartreuse (.see CnAB- treu.se, L.i Geaxde), in France, and in Italy the Certosa di Pavia, 18 miles south of Milan. The former is still in such use ; the buildings date from 1676. The buildings of the latter date from 1396, but are now preserved only as a national monument, the monasteries having been sup- pressed in Italy. The Cartliusians were given to hospitalit}- and works of charity, and were, on the whole, better educated than the mendicant orders. Their principal seats were in Italy, France, and Switzerland ; but they have shared the fate of the other monastic establishments, and their convents are now, for the most part, solitudes indeed. The Carthusian nuns arose at Salette, on the Rhone, in France, about 1229. They followed the rules of the Carthusian uxinks, but with some mitigations, of which the most notable is that they have a common refectory. When the monasteries were suppressed under Henry VIIL, there were nine Carthusian monas- teries in England. To-day there is one, near Ste,Tiing, eight miles northwest of Brighton. See ClIARTEBIIOUSE. CARTIER, kiir'tya'. Sir George Etienxe (1814-73). A Canadian politician. He was edu- cated at Saint Sulpice, Montreal, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1835. He was one of the 'rebels' in the abortive Revolution of 1837-38, but was pardoned, and became, in succession, a member of the Provincial Legislature, Provincial Secretary, and Attorney-General. In 1858 he be- came Premier in the Cartier-ilacdonald adminis- tration. He was instrumental in abolishing feudal tenure in Lower Canada, in making the Legislative Council elective, in codifying the civil laws, and in decentralizing the judiciary, and labored earnestly for the confederation of the Canadian provinces. CARTIER, .Jacques (1494-C.1557). A French cxiilrinr, born at Saint-Malo. He acquired a rcputatiim as a bold navigator, and was selected by Admiral Chabot to lead an expedition to the northeastern coast of North America, for the purpose of discovering a passage to Cathay. N'ith two ships he sailed from Saint-]Ialo in 1534. He sighted Xewfoundland, near Cap<! Bona Vista, and followed the coast southward to a point nearly opposite Cape Breton; then, turning westward, made Prince Edward Island, and gave its name to the Bay of Chaleurs. He then skirted the northern coast of Anticosti Island, and returned along the shores of Labra- dor. .t Cape Gaspe he landed, erected a cross, and took possession of the country in the name