Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/321

CARVER. 273 CARY. tivating than this." Can-er also wrote a pam- phlet, A Treatise on the Culture of the Tobacco J'lant Adapted to yorlhei-n i'limates and De- signed for the Use of the Landholders of Great Britain (IT!'!'), and published under his name a crude compilation, entitled The Xetc Cnirersal Traveler. Consult sketches of Carver in Tyler, The Literary History of the American Revolu- tion (New York, 1897); and in The Carver Centenary (IStiT), published by the Minnesota Historical Society. CARVING (OE. lervinge, from kerven, to carve, AS. ceorfan, Icel. kyrfa, Ger. kerben, ulti- mately connected with Gk. ypd^eiv, graphein, to write, originally to cut ) . A subordinate branch of sculpture, usually performed on ivory or wood. Ivory was the favorite material for this purpose in the East from an early jjeriod. Among the Babylonians, who likewise practiced gem-engraving to a great extent, carved heads Jor staves were executed in vast quantities, as every Babylonian carried a stall" and a signet ring^ At a later period ivory was chiefly em- ployed in small works, usually of a decorative character. During the earliest period statues of the gods were generally of wood, painted, gilt, or draped with colored robes, different kinds of wood being appropriated to different divinities. (See AcRoUTiis; Chasing; Chbyselephaxtine, etc.) Canings in ivory form an important branch of early Christian sculpture. Among the most curious of these are the ivory tablets adorned en the outside with low-reliefs, and on the inside coated with was for the purpose of receiving writing. The chair inlaid with ivory that belonged to Archbishop ilaximinus in the cathe- dral at Ravenna, is of this period (546-555). In 803 Charlemagne received two richly carved doors as a present from Constantinople, but works of the same kind were executed much earlier. (See IvoBY Carving.) Toward the end of the ^Middle Ages the art of carving in wood was brought to a high degree of perfection in Ger- many. (See Wood Cakvixg. i The art here took on a very realistic form. Carved shrines were deepened in order to give room for the ar- rangement of the scene in various planes. The foreground figures were frei|uently in entire relieit standing out as statuettes, the others on a receding plane being in high relief, while the background objects were in low re- lief. Landscape backgrounds often figured in these scenes, and an additional touch of real- ism was given them by coloring and modeling the costumes after the gay fashion of the day. So florid did this style become that it even affected the more serious plastic art of the time, and its influence is felt in some of the sculpture of the present, or of very recent times. The elaboration of these carved works reached to their architectural setting until the naturalistic tendency became so marked as to develop curling flourishes of leaves and tendrils in the frame- work. Suabia is particularly rich in early altar- pieces of this kind. ilany of the Belgian churches also possess very beautiful examples of wood-carving. Michael Wohlgenuith of Nu- remberg, and after him Veit Stoss. were eminent car-ers in wood. The wood-carving on the great altar of the cathedral at Schleswig by Hans Briiggemann belongs to the beginning of the Six- teenth Century. Many graceful specimens of •wood-cari-ing, on a smaller scale, belonging to this period, are to be seen in museums. Xurem- bcrg was celebrated for its wood-carvings: but only a few of the many works ascribed to him can l)e assigned with certainty to Albert Diirer. Portrait medallions, usually cut in box, were much iu vogue during the early part of the Six- teenth Century. The first arti.st in this line was Hans Schwartz of Augsbtirg. During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries we find ivory again extensively employed in crucifixes, crosses, and goblets, with relief representations. CA'RY, Alice (1820-71) and Puckbe (1824- 71). Two American poets, born near Cincinnati, Ohio. After miscellaneous contributions to the daily press, they gained their first success by Poems of Alice and I'htjcbe Cary (1850). In 1851 Alice issued The Clovernook Papers (sec- ond series, 1853); Clovernook Children (1854); tales of Western Life. In 1850 the sisters moved to Xew York, where Alice published Lyra, and Other Poems (1853, enlarged 1855) ; Lyrics and Other Hymns (ISCiO); The Lover's Diary (18G7); Snow Berries, a book for yoimg folks (1869); and also Hagar: A Story of To-Day (1852) ; Married, Sol Mated (1850) ; Pictures of Country Life (1857); and The Bishop's Son (1857). All these are excellent in domestic description. Phcebe published Poems and Parodies (1854) ; Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love (1868) ; with numerous hymns (chiefly in Hymns For All Christians, edited by C. F. Deems, 1869), and occasional pieces. Her best-known Imnn is "Xearer Home." Un- der the friendship and patronage of Horace Greeley the sisters achieved literary and social success in Xew Y'ork, and maintained it for nearly two decades. Xeithcr was ever married. Pliffibe was especially noted for her wit. They died within three months of each other, Alice in Xew Y'ork and Plioebe in Xewport, E. I. A collected edition of their poems appeared post- humously. Consult Mary C. Ames, Memorial of Alice and Phoebe Cary (Xew Y'ork, 1873). CARY, AxxiE Loii.SE ( 1842— ) . An Ameri- can contralto, born in Wayne, Maine. After having studied in Milan with Giovanni Corsi (1866-68), she appeared in Italian opera in Copenhagen. Afterwards she received instruc- tion from Viardot-Garcia in Baden-Baden, and sang with great success in Stockholm, Paris, Brus- sels, and London. She made her debut in Xew York in 1870, singing with Xilsson, Brignoli, and Vieuxtemps. Her success with the public was instantaneous, and for a dozen years she was the favorite singer in the United States. She created, in Xew Y'ork. (he part of Anineris in A'ida (1873), and in the opinion of many critics the mijiersonation lias remained unmatched. Her tours in Russia in 1875-77 were a series of con- tinuous triumphs. In 1882 she married Charles M. Raymond, of Brooklyn, and retired from pub- lic life, only occasionally singing for charity or in the parish church. CARY, Akchibai.d (c.1730-86). An Ameri- can jiatriut, Ijorn in 'irginia. He was a member for several years of the House of Burgesses, where he was conspicuous as an opponent of the arbitrary measures of the British Ministry. He was a member of the Committee of Correspond- ence in 1773, and in 1776, as a delegate to the famous Virginia Convention, introduced the reso- lutions by which the Virginia delegates in the Continental Congress were instructed to propose