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CASA GBANDE. 276 CASANOVA DE SEINGAXT. part of the structure. The ruin is not unlike sev- eral in Mexico and Central America, but is the only one of its type in the United States. It was xinquestionably erected by an Amerind people of Pueblo affiliations, probably the ancestors of the present Pima tribe. It was described by Jlinde- leff (Bureau of American Ethnology, 13th L'c- port, 18'J6) and later by McGee (ib., 15th Ueport, 18;17). It is not to be confounded with the still more extensive but less-known ruin of Casas (Jrandes in the State of Chihuahua, Mex- ico. CASA GXJIDI (ka'sa gwe'd;-) WINDOWS. A poem in two parts by Klizabetli Barrett Browning (1851), the passionate voicings of her intense hopes for Italian liberty. CASAIi, ka-siil', or CAZAL, Manuel Ayres DE (17541S40). A Brazilian geographer and historian. He was born in Portugal, where he •was ordained to the priesthood. Afterwards he settled in the Province of Goyaz. Brazil, and traveled extensively through the country, collect- ing the information compiled in the valuable work entitled Coroprafica hrazilica, ou rela^iio historico-gcofirafico do reino do Brazil (1817: 2d ed. 1845). This work, prepared under the aus- pices of King John VI., is distinguislicd liy it- exactitude, and is the first circumstantial re- port on the interior provinces of South America. CASALE, ka-sa'la. A fortified city of Pied- mont. Italy, in the Province of Alessandria, the ancient capital of the Dtichy of ilontferrate, on the right bank of the Po, 48 miles east of Turin (:Map: Italy, C 2). It has a theatre, several palaces, a ^mnasium, a technical institute, a .seminary, aVid nine churches, among them the rtomane^que cathedral founded in 741 by the Lombard King Liutprand, and rebuilt about the beginning of the Twelfth Century, containing paintings and statues by Ferrari and other mas- ters, and having a vaulted basilica with double aisles. The old citadel, founded before 1500, was one of the strongest in Italy, and within re- cent years the fortifications have been greatly strengthened and extended. Casale is a centre of local trade, the chief industries being the culture and manufacture of silk, and the making of chalk cement, machines, tools, liqueurs, and fer- tilizers. The town is the seat of a bishop. Pop- ulation (commune), in 1881. 29,000; in 1901, 31,79.3, of whom about two-thirds reside in the city. Casale is on the site of the Koman Bodincoma- gus. It was foimded by Liutprand. in 730, de- stroyed by the Lombard cities in 1215. came into the "possession of the Marquises of ^lontferrate in the Thirteenth Centiiry. and in the Sixteenth Century, after 1)eing captured by the Sp.iniards, it fell to the House of Savoy, was sold in 1081 to France, was conquered in ItillS by the Allies, was recoA-eretl l>v Louis XIV., and restored to Savoy in 17n:{. CASALMAGGIORE, ka-sjil'ma-jo'rft. A city in northern Italy. 15 miles north of Parma, on the left bank of the Po, from whose frequent inundations it is protected by embankments (Map: Italy. E .3). It has large and beautiful churches, a theatre, a gymnasium, and a public library. It manufactures pottery, glass, leather, and chemicals, and markets the wine of the sur- lounding eointrv. Populati(m. of the town, about 4000; of the commune (IflOl), 16,400. CASAMICCIOLA, ka'si-me'chd-U. A water- ing-place of Italy, noted for its alkaline-saline springs, its sand and sea baths, situated on the island of Ischia, and belonging to the Province of Naples (:lap: Italy, B 11). During the earthquakes of 1881 anil 188.3 the place was al- most completely destroyed, and even at present, although the Covernnient lias aided in its re- building, a considerable part of the town is in ruins. Population (commune), in 1901, 3731. CASANOVA, kii'sA-no'va. Kk..n-cesco (1730- 1805,1. An Italian painter, brother of Giovanni Jacopo. He was born in London, the son of 'enetian parents. He was instructed in art by Francesco Guardi, and later studied and coi)ied the works of Wouvcrnian, in Dresden. He paint- ed landscapes and animal subjects, but was chietly devoted to battle pieces, the work, principally, of his imagination. He went to Vieiuia. and painted for the Empress Catharine of Kussia a picture of her victory over the Turks. His drawing was often faulty, but there was a play and movement to his scenes that commanded at- tention. He was made a member of the French Academy, and two of his large battle pieces are in the Louvre. He died near X'ienna in 1805. CASANOVA. GiovA.xxi Baptista (1722-95). An Italian painter, born in Venice; brother of Giovanni Jacopo Casanova. He studied in Dres- den as a pupil of de Sylvestre and Dietrich, and in ^'enicc with Piazetta. After residence in Rome, he returned to Dresden in 1704 to accept the post of director of the Academy. He was an instructor of W'inckelmann and Angelica Kauff- mann. CASANOVA DE SEINGALT, kJi'sA-no'va dc sa^'gal', Giovanni Jacopo (1725-1803?). An Italian adventurer, born in Venice. His father, an actor, came of a noble family : his mother was the beautiful daughter of a shoemaker. He was brought up by his grandmother, and educated for the priesthood. Expelled in disgrace from the Seminarv of Saint C'vprian. he was for a brief time attached to the household of Cardinal Ac- quaviva. entered the Venetian military service, and began a career of intrigue and adventure of which he has given us a frank and very well writ- ten, account in his .tcmoirs (12 vols.. Leipzig, 1828-38. often reprinted). His adventurous wan- derings led him to almost everi" Court of Europe, even to Constantinople and Saint Petersburg. Journalist, preacher, card-shar]x>r, mesmerist, abbe, doctor, diplomatist, he was always a char- latan, always a rake, and nearly always a scoundrel. Yet he entered often into high cir- cles, and was presented to Empress Catharine of Russia. In 1755 he returned to Venice, was promptly arrested as a spy, and imprisoned in the Piombi, afterwards made notorious by Silvio Pellico. The story of his escape (OctoU'r 31, 1750) is the most grapliie portion of his Me- moirs, and also the most decent. Published sepa- rately, it gained him celebrity and made him the fashion. He now began a new career of dissolute adventure. Handsome, witty, and affable, he ob- tained interviews with Louis XV. and Frederick the Great, with Roiisseau and Voltaire. In Madame de Pompadour he found a kindred spirit. Italian princes honored him, and the Holy Father recognized his virtues by a decora- tion. All efforts to reinstate himself in the favor of the Venetians, such as his refutation of