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CASS. 285 CASSAKD. a 'dough-face,' and a 'Xorthorn iiiiiii with South- ern principles,' but, though he appears to have courted the Southern vole, his attitude seems never to have been one of weak subserviency. His persistent and thorough distrust and dislike of Great Britain, his belief in the doctrine of 'manifest destiny,' and tlio fact that he belonged to the older school of conservative statesmen, who put the integrity of the Union before everything else, are perhaps truer explanations of his political career." Besides numerous maga- zine articles on Western and Indian affairs, he published Inquiries Concerning the History, Traditions, and Languages of the Indians Living Within the United Utates (1823), and France: Its King, I'oiirt, and ({overnment (1840). Throughout his life he was deeply interested in American history, and his various publications are still of value, "real additions to knowledge," says his biographer. He was also an outspoken advocate of temperance. His life has been writ- ten in the American Statesmen Series, by An- drew C. McLaughlin (Boston, 1891), who studies his career as that of a "representative pioneer in the old Northwest," one of the chief purposes of the volume being to show the development of that region and to trace the growlh of its polit- ical life. Before the death of Cteneral Cass, V. L. G. Smith wrote the Life and Times of Lewis Cass (Xew York, 1856), in the prepara- tion of which he had access to a diary which was kept by Cass on a tour in the Levant. School- craft published the Outlines of Cass's Life and Character (Albany, 1848) ; and Young, the Life and Public Service of Gen. Lewis Cass (Detroit, 1852). CASSABA, kassa1>a, or KASSABA. A town in Asia Minor, 30 miles east of Smyrna (Map: Turkey in Asia, B 3). It carries on a flourishing trade with the surrounding district in cotton, silkworms, and melons. In 1865 a large portion of the town was destroyed by fire, and in the same year there were many deaths from cholera. Population, about 23,000, three- fourths of whom are ilohammedans. CASSAGNAC, ka'sa'nyak'. See Gr.xier de Cassac.nac. CASSAN1)EB (Gk. Kd<T<TavSpos, Kassandros) (c.354-2'J7 li.c). King of Macedonia, the son of Antipater. His first appearance in history is in B.C. 323, when he was sent to Alexander in Baby- lon to defend Antipater against the false accu- sations of his enemies. On this occasion he incurred the displeasure of the Macedonian King by laughing in his presence at the Persian cus- tom of prostration. After the death of Alexan- der, he was made chiliarch with Seleucus, and continued in this olTice after Antigonus became commander-in-chief. ^Vhen Antipater. who was in charge of Macedonia, died in B.C. 319, he appointed, not Cassander, but Polysperchon, an old comrade-in-arms, as his successor. Cassan- der determined to contest the succession, and took refuge with Antigonus in Asia. Polysper- chon joined with Olj-mpias, the mother of Alex- ander. When Cassander appeared in Greece, many states joined his standard. He finally secured possession of Olympias, Roxana, and the young son of Alexander, and, after putting to death the first and imprisoning the others, he married, in B.C. 316, Thessalonica, the sister of Alexander. It was in honor of Thessalonica that he built and named tlic town of Thessalonica in Macedonia. The next year he rebuilt Thebes, which had been destroyed by Alexander, ami innnediately after entered upon a war with Anti- ' gouus. Peace was concluded in D.c. 312, and scon after Cassander strengthened his position as supreme ruler in ilacedonia by causing Kox- ana and her son to be put to death. Later he joined forces with Lysimachus, Pl'ilemy, and Seleucus, to oppose Antigonus, and Antigonus was defeated and slain at the battle of Ipsus in B.C. 301. By this victory Cassander .secured Macedonia and Greece. In 297 he was succeeded by his son Philip. CASSAN'DBA (Gk, Ko<r<7dwpa, Kassandra). In the llipiiiciic poems, the daugliter of Priam and Hecuba, carried to Greece by Agamemnon, and there murdered by Clytemnestra. Other earlj' epics told how at the capture of Troy she lied to the temple of Athena and clasped the image of the goddess, whence she was torn by the Locrian Ajax, who paid dearly for his sacrilege. She first appears as a prophetess in Pindar. Ac- cording to one version she and her brother, Hele- nus, were left in the inclosure sacied to the Thymbrtean Apollo, and during the night their ears were licked by snakes, whereby they ac- quired prophetic hearing. The usual version, however, told how Apollo had loved her, and gave her prophetic art, but when she refused to keep her promise and yield to his suit, he took away all belief in her prophecies. Accordingly, her warnings against the keeping of Helen and the admittance of the wooden horse were disregarded. The story of her return with Agamemnon and her murder by Clytenmestra is told in the Agamem- non of -Eschjdus. Later writers added many details by introducing Cassandra into many of the scenes attending the siege and capture of Troy. CASSANO AL JONIO, kas-sa'n6 al yo'ne-o. A city in south Italy, 42 miles north of Cosenza. It has sulphur springs, a cathedral, an Episcopal seminary, and an ancient castle in the heart of the city on an imposing mass of rwks from which is a splendid view of the valleys of the Coscile and the Crati, the ancient Svbaris and Crathis (Map: Italy, L 8). The Torre di Milo is pointed out as the tower whence was thrown the stone that killed T. Anius ililo, who was besieging Cosa (Cassanum) for Pompey. The country produces large quantities of olive oil. Population, in 1881 (commune), 9000; in 1901. 8700. CASSANO D'ADDA, kas-sii'nft d:id'd!. A town in nortli Italy on the right bank of the Adda, 10 miles east 'of .Milan (ilap: Italy, D 2), It has silk-faetories, and has been the scene of three bloody battles — the first in 1158, between the Milanese and Emperor Frederick ; the sec- ond, August 16, 1705, when the French imder the Duke of YendOme inflicted on Prince Eug&ne his only defeat: the third, April 27, 1799, when the Russians and .ustrians under Suvaroff de- feated the French under Morcau. Population (commune), in 1881, 7000; in 1901, 8782. CASSAED, kfts'sar', Jacqites (1072-1740). A French naval ollicer. bom in Nantes. During the famine of 1709. while commanding two ship.s in the Mediterranean, he successfully convoyed through the English squadrons twenty-six trans- ports laden with wheat bought in Barbary and