Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/337

CASSAVA. 287 CASSEL. powdered, forms the food commonly known there as farinha ( I'ortnpiiesp for moal). It is made into thin cakes by the action of heat, which softens and agghilinates the particles of starch. The starch of cassava separated in the ordinary manner from the fibre is the Brazilian arrow- root of commerce. This starch, dried quickly under the action of intense heat when in a semi- solid and moist condition, agglomerates into small irrcfiular masses and then forms the well- known article of food called tapioca. In Florida, where sweet cassava is grown, the roots are grated and used directly as a food for man. They are also led to stock, and serve as a raw material in the manufacture of starch and glucose. Feeding Value. The peeled root of fresh Florida-grown cassava contains on an average, 61.3 per cent, of water, 31.0 per cent, of carbo- hydrates, largely starch, and a little protein, fat, and crude fibre. Cassava flour, made in Florida, contains about 11 per cent, of water and 05 to 70 per cent, of starch, in addition to small amounts of protein, fat, crude fibre, sugar, gum, ash, etc. Cassava starch, like other starch, con- tains some moisture. The food value of cassava- roots and the products made from them depend principally upon carbohydrates, and especially upon starch content. As a food for man or animals, it is evident that these materials should be supplemented by nitrogenous foods to obtain a well-balanced ration. Cassava is fed to hoes and steers, and sometimes to cows. CASSAY'. See Maxipue. CASSEL., kas'sel. L'ntil 18G6 the capital of the former Electorate of Hesse, now the capital of the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau, pleas- antly situated on both sides of the Fulda. here navigable, in latitude 51° 19' X. and longitude 9° 20' E., about 35 miles southwest of Gottin- gen (Map: Prussia, C 3). The town consists of the Altstadt, the Ober- neustadt.and the new Hohenzollern quarter, all on the left bank of the river, and of the Untemeu- stadt on the right bank. The streets of the old town are crooked and narrow, but those of the newer portion are regular and broad and among the hand.somest in Germany. The principal street is the Ki'.nigsstrasse, the upper and lower sections of which are separated by the circular Kiinigsplatz, remarkable for its echo. On the Fricdrichsplatz, the largest square in Germany, ore the old Electoral Palace, erected in 1700 and enlarged in 1821, and the !Museum Fridericia- num. built in 1700 by Landgrave Frederick II., with a collection of ancient sculptures and plas- ter casts. In the same building is the provincial library of 170.000 volumes and many valuable MSS.," including the Hildebrandslied, dating from the Ninth Century. The brothers Grimm were librarians here from 1814 to 1830. One of the handsomest buildings in the town is the new Picture Gallery, of red sandstone, finished in 1877. It contains a fine collection of paintings nccumilatcd by Landgrave William VIII. The Flemish and Dutch schools are particularly well represented, there being many fine paintings by Van Dyck. Rembrandt, and Hals, .mong the other notable buildings are Saint Martin's Church, the post-olTice, and the Court Theatre, of which Ludwig Spohr was for some years con- ductor. Cassel is the seat of tl^e provincial and •district government and of the supreme provin- cial court. The town's affairs are administered by a municipal council of 48 and an executive board of 21 members. There is a paid as well as a volunteer lire department. The cost of keep- ing the streets clean is borne by the property- ovners. There is a modern sewerage system and a copious water-supply, and the town owns and operates gas-works, an electric-light plant, and a slaughter-house. In 1898 the municipal budget balanced at about .$2,500,000. The assets of the city were nearly $0,000,000, the debts about $3,500,000. The schools require a considerable portion of the revenues. There are numerous educational insti- tutions, including two gynmasia, three municipal high schools, and a score of technical schools. There are many hospitals and other charitable institutions. The industries include the manu- facture <if locomotives, machinery, ironware, sur- gical and other scientific instruments, etc. Cas- sel has jxeellent railway facilities, and two elec- tric street railway lines sene to accommodate the city traffic. It is the seat of a United States consulate. Population, in 1890, 73,000; in lUOO, 100,000. To the west of Cassel and connect- ed with it by steam tramway lies the Palace of Willielmshiihe, erected in the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, in which Napoleon III. was detained as a prisoner from the fall of Sedan to the close of the Franco-Prussian Yar. Wil- helmshiilie is famous for its artificial cascades. The history of the town dates from the year 913, when, under the name of Chassala, it was the residence of King Conrad I. It received its first nuuiicipal rights in the Thirteenth Century from the Landgraves of Thuringia. In the Seven Years' ar it was several times captured by the French. In 1807 it was made the capital of the newly formed Kingdom of Westphalia. In 1860 it was occupied by Prussian troops, and became a part of Prussia. CASSEL, D.TID (1818-93). A German his- torian. He was born in Glogau, of Jewish parentage, and was educated in Breslau and Berlin. From 1846 until the time of his death he was associated with several of the leading Jewish institutions of learning in Berlin. He was a prolific and very popular author, and published the following valuable contributions to Jewish literature: (leschichte dcr jiidischeii Litteratur (1873): Hebraisch-deittschcs Wortcr- buch (1891); Leitfaden fiir den Unterricht in dcr jiidischen (icschichte und Litteratur (9th ed. 1805). His editions of the Kiimri by Judah Hallevi, and of the Menor Enanitn by A. dei Rossi, are also highly esteemed. CASSEL, Paulus Stepiiaxus (1821-92). A Genua n author of Jewish descent, whose name was originally Selig Cassel. He was born in Glogau, Silesia ; was educated in both Roman Catholic and Protestant schools; finished his study of histor' under Kanke in Berlin, and became a journalist. He was converted to Chris- tianity in 1855. He was in the Prussian CTiam- ber of Deputies in 1806-07, but declined reelec- tion, and was preacher of Christ Church, Berlin, and missionary of the London Society for the Conversion of the Jews from 1806 to 1891. He published numerous articles and books on the Jews and on religion and the history of civiliza- tion, but they were all hastily prepared, and are of little permanent value.