Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/352

CASTILE. 300 CASTLE. united in 1230. It played the le.idinj; part in the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Jlohammedans, and as such its history is in- separably identified with that of Spain (q.v.). Consult: .Ayala, Crdnicas de log Kei/cs de Cos- iilla (2 vols., Madrid, 1779-80) : and llisloria de los comitiiiitidades de Castilla (Madrid, 1897). CASTILHO, ka-ste'ly6, Axtoxio 1'"ej.iciaxo (1800-75). A Purtujniese poet, bom in I^isbon. Although nearly blind from his sixth year, ho became well known for his learning. He pub- lished translations of the Metnmorphoses of Ovid (1S4I), and other Latin translations and original poems. The first volume which attained success was Cartas dc Echo e Xarcisso (183G). Tliis was followed by the Amore Melancolia, and Camoens (1849). CASTILLA, kii-ste'lya, II.mo>- (1797-1867). A Peruvian general and statesman. He entered the Spanish Army in 1810, but five years later joined' the revolt against Spanish rule. In 1830 he became chief of staff of the whole army, with the rank of brigadier-general. After the treaty with the President of Bolivia, Castilla went to Chile, and in 1S37 joined the Peruvians who marched against Santa Cruz, the President of Bolivia. When the Revolutionists proclaimed Gamarra President, Castilla was made Jlinister of War. In 1841 he was one of the leaders of the Peruvian force that invaded Bolivia, and in 1845 was elected President of Peru. His suc- cessor, Echenique, became unpopular, and Cas- tilla started a revolution, overcame Echenique, and became, in 1855, sole ruler of the country. One of his most important reforms was the abo- lition of slavery. In 1858 he was reelected President, and in ISliO proclaimed a new con- stitution which granted universal sulVrage and prohibited the exercise of any religion except the Roman Catholic. CASTILLEJO, kli'ste-lya'Hfi, Ceist<^vai. de (c.l404-155(>) . A Spanish poet, born at Ciudad Kodrigo, Salamanca. He was early attached as a page to the person of the Infante Fernando, younger brother of Charles V., and subsequently Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire as Ferdi- nand I. He was later appointed secretary to that prince, and resided chiefly in Vienna. His come- dies have entirely disappeared, but his poems sur- vive in the editions of 1573, 1598, 1600, and others. In these three books, the latter part of the third of which is devoted to religious verse, he displays a spontaneous gayety of mind and facility of execution. He adhered to the tradi- tional native forms, and stoutly resisted Boscfin, Garcilaso de la Vega, and all the remaining inno- vators who sought to introduce into Spanish literature the sonnet, the 1er::a rima, the can- zone, and other Italian measures. His opposi- tion was in part indirect, through improvement upon the old Castilian masters, and in part direct, as expressed in a satire against the new school and the sneers of 'Petrarquistas.' He wrote many successful ballads, and a Dialogue ■irith His Pen, often referred to for its sprightly wit. CASTILLO. Sec CAxov.vs del C.stii.i.o. CASTILLO, kA-stf/lyfi, Domingo del. A S[)anisli pilot, one of the first European party to explore the Colorado of the West, in 1540. He left an excellent map of the Gulf of Cali- fornia and the lower course of the Colorado. See Alar(Y)x. Hernando de. CASTILLON, ka'st^'yoN'. A town in the Dej)arlment of Gironde, France, on the right bank of the Dordogne, 26 miles east of Bordeaux (Map: France, H 9). It is celebrated as the scene of the battle (July 17, 1453) between the forces of the English and the French, in which the former were defeated and their leader, Tal- bot, was slain. The battle led to the speedy reoccupation by Charles VII. of all the territory held by the English except Calais. Population, in i;u)l, of town, 2891; of commune, 3253. CASTINE, k:'is-ten'. A town and port ot entry in Hancock County, Maine, on Penobscot Bay, 30 miles below Bangor (Map: Maine, F 7). It has a good harlior and steamship connections, and some reputation as a summer resort. The chief industry is the manufacture of cordage, fish- lines, etc. Castine has a town library and a cus- tom-house, and is the seat of a State normal school. The government is administered by town meetings, held annuallv, or as often as reqiired. Population, in 1800. 987; in 1900, 925. Here, in 1667, Baron de Castine established a small French colony, whi<h, however, was soon aban- doned. The English made the first permanent settlement in 1760. Consult Wheeler, History of Castine, Penobscot, and lirooksville (Bangor, 1875). CASTING. See Fly-Casting. CASTING, Metal. See Founding. CASTING OUT NINES. See Checking. CASTING VOTE. The vote of the presiding onioer of a meeting in the case of an equality or tie %'ote. 'hether such otlicer has the right to vote at all, or whether his right is limited to a casting vote, or whether, having the right to vote with the others, he may thereafter give a casting vote, is determined by the rules gov- erning the particular assemblage. The Speaker of the House of Lords votes with the other niem- l*rs, but has no casting vote: while the Speaker of the Commons votes only when there is a tie. By the American Constitution, the Vice-President is president of the Senate, but has no vote ex- cept in case of a tie (Art. I., Sec. 3). State constitutions contain similar provisions relating to the Lieutenant-Governor. The Speaker of the Fed('ral House of le[)resentatives is chosen from among its members, and in some cases has the right of a double vote. In State legislatures the usage varies, the Speaker of the Lower House being limited, not infrequently, to a single vote which nuist he given with the votes of the other members. The same rule applies to the pre- siding officer at a meeting of a corporation, un- less the charter expressly gives him the addi- tional right of a casting vote. See Pakliamen- TAUY Law, and the authorities there cited. CAST IRON. See Iron and Steel; Found- i.xo. CASTLE {'Lat. castellum, a fort). The mcdi- iBval castle was of doible descent, on the one side from the Greek acropolis (q.v.), the Roman Capi- tol (q.v.), and the citadel (q.v.) of the Byzantines and Goths: and on the other from the Roman camp or fort, and the RomanoFrankisb villa — the earliest feudal fief. {A general treatment of this subject will be found under Military Aitciil-