Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/360

CASTREN. 308 CASTRO. through Finnish Lapland, in order to extend his knowledge ot the hingiiage and literature and in 1840 another through' Karelia, to colleet ballads, legends, etc., illustrative ot" Finnish mythology. On his return he published, in Swedish, a transla- tion of the famous Finnish poem, '-Kalevala," the metre and style of which were imitated by Longfellow in his poem of "Hiawatha." Aided bv the Government of his native province, he commenced his researches among the Finnish, Norwegian, and Russian Laplanders, as also among the European and Siberian Samoyeds. Appointed linguist and ethnographer to the Saint Petersburg Academy, Castren, between the years 1845 and 1849, prosecuted his laborious "investigations as far east as China, and as far north as the Arctic Ocean. On his return he was ap])ointed iirst professor of the Finnish laiiguatrc and literature at the University of Helsingfors. and in IS.il became chancellor. He employed himself in preparing for publication the vast materials which he had collected, but died May 7, 1852, from exhaustion — a martyr to science. "Before his death appeared Versuch einer ositjakischen Sprachlrhrc nehst kurzem Wiirter- verzeichnis (1840). as the first instalment of his yorthern TruveU and Ifcsearches. He also wrote: Elemcnta (Irammiitico Hyrjaenw (1844), .and Elemcnta firammatlces Tscheremissa;(S-ii) ; Oil the Influence of the Accent in the Lappish Language (1845); De Affixis Personalihuf: Lin- ■guarum Altaicariim (1850). An edition of his works in Swedish, in five volumes, appeared ] 852-58. and a German translation was pub- lished later. CASTKES, kas'tr'. A town of France, in the Department of Tarn, situated in the fertile val- ley on both sides of the river Agout, 16 miles cast of Toulouse (ilap: France, J 8). The two parts of the town are united by stone bridges. The principal features are the cathedral, the seminary, the communal college, the public li- brary, and the artillery school. Castres has beautiful promenades, siiaded by fine alleys of trees. It is a busy manufacturing place. Its fine dyed-wool goods are especially famous, and it has also manufactures of silk, linen, leather, paper, soap, etc. Population, in 1901, of town, 19,48.3; of commune, 27,.308. In the Middle Ages ■Castres was celebrated for its Benedictine Abbey, the lieads of which ruled the city. It was one of the first French towns to adopt Calvinistie doc- trines, and is the seat of a Protestant Consistory. It sufl'ered heavily during the religious wars of the Sixteenth Century, and in 1629 Louis XIII. razed its fortifications. CASTRI, kJl'stro, or KASTRI. A village of modern (ireecc, in the Nome of Phocis, situ- ated on the southern declivity of Mount Par- nassus, and worthy of notice as formerly occu- pying a portion of'the site of the ancient Delphi (q.v.). In conscfjucncc of the purchase of the site by the French for the pur])ose of excava- tion, the inhabitants moved in 1893 to the new village somewhat to the w-est of the ancient city.'^ CASTRIES, ka'stre', or Port Castries. The capital of the island of Saint Lucia. West Indies (Map: West Indies, R 8). It is situated on the west coast, on Carenage Bay, the entrance to which is marked by a lighthouse visible 14 miles. Most of the trade of Saint Lucia (q.v.) is carried on through this port. Population, in 1901, 7910. CASTRIOTA, kas'tre-o'ta, George. See ScA.M)Kl:liKO. CASTRO, kJi'str'., tJuiLLEN de (1569-1631). A Spanish dramatist who enjoyed the friendship of Lope de Vega, whom he assisted in the fa- mous festival of the canonization of San Isidoro, where he won a prize in the literary tournament. Castro wrote about forty plays, the most cele- brated of which was Las nioeciliides del ('id, to which Corneille was greatly indebted for the materials of his renowned tragedy. It is said that Castro died in poverty, and was buried by charitable friends. CASTRO, IXEZ DE ( ? -1355). A Spanish noblewoman whose unhappy fate has l)een made the subject of tragedies and poems. She was the daughter of Pedro Fernandez de Castro, a de- scendant of the royal family of Castile. After 1340 Inez lived with her cousin, Constanlia, the betrothed wife of Dom Pedro, son of Alfonso IV. of Portngal. Constantia died in 1345, and Dom Pedro, as she afterwards claimed, secretly married Inez, in the presence of the Archbishop of Guarda. As the King feared that this union might prove injurious to the claims of Ferdi- nand, son of the deceased Constantia, it was de- termined in the King's Council that Inez nuist die. Accordingly, thi-ee Portuguese knights hast- ened to Coimlira and executed the sentence (1355). Dom Pedro altcmiited a revolt against his father, but finally became reconciled. Two years later Alfonso died, and the murderers of Inez left Portugal and sought shelter WMth Pedro the Cruel of Castile. Pedro proposed to the young King of Portugal an exchange of fugitives, and the latter consented. One of the three assas- sins escaped through the kindness of a beggar, but the other two were tortured in the presence of King Pedro at Santarem (1360). According to a tradition, immortalized by Canioens, Pedro established the legality of his marriage with Inez, caused her ' body to be exhumed, and, l)lacing it upon the "throne, required all the nobles to do her homage. Inez's body was in- terred at Alcobaca, and a fine marble monument was erected over the grave, surmovmted by her statue, wearing a crown. CASTRO, .loAO DE (1500-48). A Portuguese naval commander and explorer. He was born in l^isbon, and as a youth distinguished himself in a number of campaigns against the Moors of Tan- giers and Tunis. Ipon liis return from an expedi- tion to the Red Sea, he was made, in 1543. com- mander of a fieet to clear the European seas of pirates. In 1545 he was sent out as viceroy of the Indies to supplant Jlartin de Souzo. Valiantly seconded by his two sons, he overthrew Mahmud, Kins of Cambodia, relieved the beleaguered town of i3iu, and defeated the great army of .dhel Khan. He suliseqnently completed the subjuga- tion of Malacca, and prejiared the way for the invasion of Ceylon. The unceasing warfare he carried on against kings and rajahs wore liiin out before his time. Shortly after receiving his full commissicm as viceroy he died, at Ornius. He wrote a descrii)tion of the Red Sea entitled the lioteiro, which was very important for his day (latest edition by Corvo, Lisbon. 1882). Co'nsult Andrada, Yida de Dom ,/oao de Castro (Lisbon, 1651)."