Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/363

CASUISTRY. 311 CAT. phistical. and dishonest reasoning for the pur- pose of evading the law ; others regard it as an elimination of individual reason and conscience, and a blind submission to authority. CA'SUS BELXI (Lat., case of war). The ground alleged by one ])over to justify its going to war with another. The grounds which, in in- ternational law, are recognized as alTording a justitication for war are: (a) The defense of the sovereignty and independence of the State; (b) the redress of grave injuries inflicted by a for- eign power on the citizens of a State; (c) to obtain satisfaction for violations of the honor of a State, as for insults to its flag or its am- bassadors; (d) the enforcement in serious cases of treaty obligations; (e) the prevention of threatened or intended injury, as a sudden dis- turbance of the balance of power in Europe, or the disregard by a European power of the ilon- roe Doctrine of the United States; (f) in rare cases, the prevention of flagrant wrong against religion or liberty, or grave oppression of a colony or weaker State, as in the war of the United States against Spain for the liberation of Cuba. (See Ixterve^'TIOx.) The humane tendencies of modern international law seek to restrict the causes for war, and by moral pres- sure to induce an ofTended State patiently to seek every other means of efi'octing its object before resorting to the dire expedient of war. See Acts of Ho.stiijty: Ixtebxatioxal Law: H.GVE Peace Coxferexce : Wab, and the au- thorities there referred to. CASWELL, kaz'wel, Alexis (1799-1877). An American educator. He was bom in Taunton, JIass., graduated at Brown University in 1S22, and entered the Baptist ministry. He was pro- fessor of mathematics in Brown University from 1828 to 1850, and of mathematics and astron- omy from 18.50 to 1864, and was president from 18U8 to 1872. He published several papers on meteorology in the Reports of the Smithsonian Institution, and a Memorial of John Barstow (1864). CASWELL, RiCHAKD (1720-89). A patriot soldier of the American Revolution, and the first Governor of the State of Xorth Carolina. He was born in Maryland, emigrated to North Carolina in 1746, studied and practiced law, and soon became prominent in Colonial polities. He was a member of the Colonial Assembly from 1754 to 1771, and was elected Speaker of the House of Commons in 1770 and 1771. He also attained prominence as an odicer in the Colonial militia, and on May 10, 1771, commanded the right wing of fJovernor Tryon's forces in the battle of Alamance against the insurrectionary Regulators. He was active as a member of the Whig, or Patriot, Party in the discussions which preceded the Revolution, and in 1774 and 1775 was a delegate to the Continental Con- gress. In September, 1775, he was appointed one of the treasurers of North Carolina. He commanded the minutemen, numbering about 1000, who. on February 27, 177G, defeated a force of Loyalists, mostly Scotch emigrants, under Donald ifacdonald. at Moore's Creek, N. C. ; and for this victory, the effect of which, says Fiske. "was as contagious as that of Lex- ington had been in New Ensland" (Fiske. The American Rerolution. L, 177). he was appointed brigadier-general of the Newbem District. In 1770 he was a member of the committee of the I'rovincial Congress which drew up the State Constitution — one tradition attributing the au- thorship of that document altogether to him — and frum 1770 to 1778 he served as Governor. In 1780 he commanded the Xorth Carolina iiiiliti.a during the invasion of the State by the British, and took part in the battle of Camden on August IG. He afterwards served as Speaker of the State Senate and Controller-General from 1782 to 1785, and as Governor, for a second term, from 1785 to 1787, and in 1789 was a member of the State convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. CAT (AS. catt, Ger. Katze, Fr. chat, OF. cat. It. gatto, Sp., Portug. goto, Welsh cath. Corn. cath, Ir., Gael, cat, OChurch Slav. Icoteli, 0. Pruss. cat to, cat, Lat. cat us, cub; borrowed in Finn, katti, Turk, qadi, Ar. qitt, quit, Hind. katOs; of uncertain origin). The cats are typi- cal leluroid carnivores, constituting the family Felida?, and well represented by the ubiquitous house-cat, w'hich is considered at length below. Cats in general, as a family, are distinguished among carnivores by their uniformity of struc- ture, by the flexibility and strength of the spine, the small head, capable of being turned in any direction, the looseness of the skin, and the exceeding suppleness, quickness, and muscu- larity, the last especially exliibited in the jaws and in the wonderful arrangement of levers in the limbs. These are correlated with their jiredatorj- habits, and manner of procuring their prey, which is by hing in wait, or by stealthy approach, followed by a spring, a clutch of the claws, and a crushing bite. AU the anatomy, therefore, represents agility and power in the highest degree: and all cats except two or three of the heaviest (lion, tiger) are arboreal to a greater or less degree. The skull is remark- able for the bony ridges which give attachment to the great jaw-muscles, the immense size of ■which causes a corresponding increase in the eSCLL or CAT. A, Tongue-bones of one side. width of the zygomatic arches; and the facial portion, short in all carnivora as compared with herbivora, is here much shorter than in the dog or bear tribes, giving the characteristic round- ness to the head. The lower jaw is strongly attached, and capable only of a simple hinge-like motion. The dentition consists of six small incisors in each jaw, large canines, and one per- manent molar on each side, that in the upper jaw being small, the lower large and acting against the fully developed premolar in the upper. All