CATALOGUING. 322 CATALONIA. Flux's OF Catai-Ogik. The Author Catalogue is the first and most loiumon. Authors ar^ar- ranged in strict alphabetic order like a diction- ary, and under each author are further arranged alphabetically by titles all works by him which the library possesses. A separate title catalogue is rarely made ; yet titles must be given lor anonymous imblications, and also for books hav- ing titles specially likely to be remembered. These are usually inserted in the same alphabet with authors. The Subject Catalogue has now come to be regarded as essential as the author catalogue. It alone can tell what the library has on any subject, and obviously its educative value is very great. There are three distinct types: (1) Classed. — This has all subjects ar- ranged in logical order, and to be conveniently usable must emjjloy a system of notation with numbers or letters referring to each specific subject instead of to pages, and an alphabetic index where the most minute topic will be found followed by this number. (2) Alphahetico- classctj. — In this the main subjects are in alpha- betic order, and under each in sub-alphabets are divisions and sections, so that the catalogue is its own index. Cross-references may be inserted at any point, so that a topic can surely be found from the main alpliabet without a subordinate index. (3) Dictiomiry. — This is naturally the most common type of catalogue, and its use has been growing steadily for a generation. It in- troduces specific subject entries in the same alpha- bet with authors and titles, thus making simple dictionar" order. The easy rule to consult it like a dictionary, whether author, title, or subject is sought, appeals strongly to most readers. In spite, however, of its apparent simplicity, it requires the greatest skill to make, and while un- excelled for reference to a single topic, which is
- uost common in popular libraries, in its nature
it cannot put befoie the reader the resources of the lihrai-y on generic subjects with the clearness or helpfulness of the classed catalogue. If one wishes to see all the geometries in a library, direct reference to this word under G in the dictionary gives them as well as would sim- ilar reference to "Geometry" in the classed cata- logue, but in the dictionary these are preceded by e.g. "Geology" and followed by "Geoponicon in sermanem Syriacum versorum qiue supersunt." In the classed catalogue, however, geometry is preceded by algebra and arithemetic and folIoMoJ by trigonometry, calculus, and the other subjects most nearly related. If one wishes to see the mathematics of Ihe library he must look in the dictionary under a dozen distinctly different heads to collect his titles, while in the classed catalogue they stand close together in logical order. If one makes a dictionary catalogue un- der the simple rule to write the subject at the head of tlic card and drop it into alphabetic order, the result will be largely worthless. It requires,
- like the class catalogue, a carefully elaborated
.system worked out in advance and scrupulously followed, otherwise books on the identical subject will be scattered all over the alphaliet by the ac- cident of the first word or of the word that hap- pened to he in the cataloguer's mind when writ- ing the headings. A book discussing protection and free trade might appear under P. F. or T, or under Tariff, Revenues, Subsidies, Customs, Du- ties, or other heads. All things considered, the merits of the two svstenis are well balanced. In the smallest library the classed list appeals strongly to teachers and others interested in the educational work of the library, because they know what its inlluence will be on inexi)erienced readers. In large libraries the classed form ap- [leals to students and investigators who study not only specific, but generic sulijects, and appreciate keenly the practical advantages po^silile only with an arrangement which follows the natural rela- tion of subjects to each other rather than the purely accidental order of the alphabet. BiiiLio(ir..PiiY. Blackburn, Valiilur/iie Titles, Index Entries (London, 1884) ; L'nticr, Rules for a Dictionary Vataloyue (Washington, 1891); Dewey, tiinipli/ied Library School Iliiles (Bos- ton, 1899); id.. Decimal Classificatioit (Boston, 1885) ; Linderfelt, Eclectic Card Catalogue Rules, Author and Title Entries (Boston, 1890) ; Quinn, Manual of Library Cataloyuing (London, 1809) ; Wheatley, llote 1o Catalogue a Library (London, 1889) ; Richardson, ■C/ns.siYicdh'oH, Theo- retical and Practical (New York, 1891). CAT'ALO'NIA ( Sp. Cataluna, I"r. Catalogue, Med. Lat. Catalonia, for Gothalania, from Oothus, Goth -I- Alanus. Alan). An old prov- ince and principality of Spain, occupying the northeastern corner of the kingdom, and bound- ed by France on the north (with the Pyrenees on the border) and the Mediterranean on the east and southeast (.Map: Spain. F 2). Area. 12,4.'?() square miles, comprising the modern provinces of Barcelona, Tarragona, LOrida. and Gerona. The coast is rugged and well indented. With the ex- ception of a few low plains of limited extent, the surface of Catalonia is that of a wild, moun- tainous region, formed by numerous outhers or terraces of the Pyrenees, and by one great ridge or series of ridges extending through the centre of the district in a general southeni direction. The chief rivers are the Segrc, the Ter, the Llo- bregat, and the Ebro, all flowing into the Mediter- ranean and none naigable except the Ebro. The climate of Catalonia, in spite of its unsteadiness and the prevalence of fogs and rain. is. on the whole, healthful and favorable to vegetation. Near Barcelona oranges fourish in the open air; the fields in some ])arls are bounded by aloe hedges,
- ind olives are found on Montserrat. Corktrees
grow on the mountains, and thickets of thorn- ajiple, laurel, myrtle, pomegranate, box, rose- mary, etc., extend where the cork has no growth. Xorthcrn Catalonia has a more severe winter than the southern portion, but everywhere vine- yards and olive gardens cover the slopes, and corn-fields extend in the valleys. Among the other products are hemp. fiax. madder, barilla, and sall'rim. Hazelnuts, a variety called Barce- lona nuts, are extensively grown. Meadow-lands and pastires are comparatively rare, and horned cattle are, therefore, nuistly ccmfined to the dis- tricts bordering on the Pyrenees. Horses and mules are reared to a limited extent, but sheep, goats, and swine are bred in considerable numbers. Silkworms and bees also thrive. The coasts abound with fish, and game is plentiful. The minerals are coal, cojiper. manganese, zine, lead, cobalt, salt, sulphur, and many varieties of marble. Cataloni:i is the principal manufac- turing and conuuercial part of the kingdom, and has the best transportation facilities in Spain. The leading manufactures are cotton, silk, woolen goods, pai)er. anns, etc. The principal city and the capital is Barcelona. Population, in
