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CATHARINE OF VALOIS. 336 CATHEDRAL. died, and she returned to London with his body. After the luneral little is heard of her history, the only notable event being her seeret marriage to Owen 'ludor, the pretended heir of a princely house in Wales. The marriage was kept seeret until 143ti. By Tudor she had four children, one of whom was made Earl of Richmond, and married Marg-aret Beaufort, heiress of the House of Somerset, and junior representative of the branch of John of Gaunt. Margaret became the mother of Henry VII. CATHARINE PARR. See Parr, CATn.- Ri.vt:. CATHARTIC (Fr. cathartique, from Gk. natlnpTiKuc, lcuth<irlik-us, purgative, from Katkipic, katluiros. clean). A name originally applied to any medicine that was supposed to purify the system from 'disease material' {matcries morbi) , which was generally presumed by the ancients to e.ist in all cases of fever and acute disease (see Crisis), and to require to be separated or thrown ofl" by the different excretions of the body. Ultimately the term 'cathartic' became limited in its signification to remedies capable of causing copious evacuation of the bowels, and having a much more pronounced ell'ect than the laxatives.' Purgatives occupy a position mid- way between laxatives and cathartics in violence of action. The principal cathartics 'are aloes, colocynth. rhubarb, jalap, senna, Epsom and other salts, castoi-oil, croton-oil, and elateriimi. They are employed when it is desirable to termi- nate an attack of constipation, or to cause large, watery evacuations for the purpose of abstract- ing water from the blofid, so that water in the pleural or abdominal cavities or in the cellular tissues may pass into the blood-vessels and there- by reduce a dropsical condition. Cathartics aet as irritants on the alimentary canal, provoking increased secretion to expel them, or as stimu- lants of the peristaltic action of the muscular coat of the intestine through reflex nervous dis- turbance. See the drugs mentioned, imder their nanic~. Sec al*o CONSTIPATION. CATHAR'TID.^;. See Condor. CATHAY, kath-a'. A term which came into u-e in later mediicval times and was applied to the vaguely wondrous regions of the far East. It was given to China by the first European ex- plorer in that land, Marco Polo (q.v.). It is supposed to have been derived by him from the name of a race of media>val conquerors of north- em China, Khilah or Khitan, who had almost disappeared at the time of his visit, and who may have been conceived by him as having formed the original substratum of the Chinese people. It is an interesting fact that the name of this conquering tribe, which has long since disai)peared in the place of its origin and niediteval use, is preserved in the modern Rus- sian name for China, i.e. Khitai. Columbus rea- soned that, since the earth is spherical and not flat, he could reach Cathay by sailing westward. CATH'CART, Sir George (1704-18.54). A Britisli general, son of William, Earl Cathcart. Educated at Eton and Edinburgh, he joined the army in 1810; fought in the campaigns of 1812- II?; served as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Well- ington, at Quatre Bras and Waterloo; in 1837 quelled the outbreak in Canada; and in 1852-53, as Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, ended the Kaffir War. lie distinguished himself by his bi'avery in the Crimean ^^'ar and fell at Inker- mann on Noveml>er 5, 1854. He was buried at Cathcart's Hill, which was named after him. He was the author of Commetitarics on the ^'ar in liiissia and German)/ in ISli and ISLi (Lon- don, 1850). CATHCART, Sir William Sciiaw (1755- 1S43). l'ir»t 'iscount and Earl Cathcart of the United Kingdom (1814); previously, tenth Baron Cathcart of Scotland (1807). A British general and diplonuitist, son of Baron Cathcart of Catlu-art, Renfrew. He was born Se])tember 17, 1755. Educated at Petersham, he studied law at Dresden and Glasgow, was admitted ad- vocate, but at his father's death entered the army, took a prominent part in the American war, and fought with distinction in Flanders and Germany. In 1801 he was made lieutenant- general, and in 1803 commander-in-chief for Ireland. In July, 1807, he commanded the land forces cooperating with the fleet in the British attack on Copenhagen. For his services he was raised to the peerage, with the title of viscount, and received the thanks of Parliament. In 1813 he was ambassador to Saint Petersburg, accom- panied the Czar Alexander in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, and was present at the Congress of Vienna. He was raised to the rank of earl, Julv 10, 1814. In 1821 he retired from public life^ and died June 16, 1843. CATHCART, William (1826—). An Ameri- can Baptist clergyman. He was born at Lon- donderry, Ireland, and was educated at the University of Glasgow and at Horton (now Eawdon) College, Yorkshire, England. He came to the United States in 1853, held a pastorate in I'hiladelphia, and was elected president of the .merican Baptist Historical Society. His pub- lications include the following: The Baptists and the American Revolution; the Papal System; The Baptist Enci/clopwdia, his most important work; and The Baptism of the Ages and of the Xations. CATHEDRAL (from Gk. KaSiSpa, Uathedra, a seat). This wurd was used of the actual throne of the bishop in tlie apse of his churcli. Hence the episcopal church was called a cathedral church — ccclcsia euthcdralis : the residence of the bishop was a cathedral city, and a formal decision of the bishoj) was an cx-cathcdra utterance. There could be liut a single such church or city in the bishop's province. This was called originally a parish, but soon a diocese, correspon<ling exactly to the late Roman civil diocese or province. All churches within his diocese were consecrated by the bishop, and all except his one episcopal church were called jjarisli churches. With cer- tain exceptions, even the monastic churches came under the jurisdiction of the bishop. The term used for tiie capital church of the diocese was in early times ccclcsia inatcr, or matrix, and the term ecclesia cathcdralis came later, and cathe- dral was first used as a substantive only in the Tenth Century and then only in the West, for in the East neither the name nor the power it rep- resented ever existed. How the special body of cathedral clergy was formed by a gradual pro- cess from the diocesan clergy is a matter foreign to this article. But the prominence of cathedral churches at different times cornsponds largely to the religious and political power of the episco- pacy. Thus, cathedral churches were important