Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/417

CAUCASIAN. 353 CAUCASUS. chroid of soutliem Eiuopo. iiortliern Africii, ami ing contrast to the nortliern part. It is occupicil Asia. A muc'li lat<>r talmlation is that of Deiii- cliielly by lines of niounUiins running parallel ker, h6re given: with the great central range. The river Kur, I. ImrxETTE Type: Wavy Ititows oB Hlacc Hair, Dakk Eyes. Clear brown skin, bliuk liair. narrow. 8tnii>.-lit or conve.v no.><e, till! stature. dDliiliocepluvlie. Imdo-Afohan. f T 11 t f I .iiiilline iiiise. piomiiieiit occiimt.elliptical taccdolichocepUalic. Arab or Semite. Tawn.v lall stature, l ^trniiilit coarse nose, square lace, uolichocephallc Beiiuer (4 sub-races). white skin, -i long lace. j straight tine nose, oval face, inesonephalic Uttorai. Ei.roi-ea.n. black hair ( short statur.', iloluhocephalic Ideko-I.nsilau. Dull white skin, i Short stature, round face, strongl.v brach.Tcephalic Westers European. brown hair j Tall stature, elongat<>d face, brach.vcephalii; - Aubiatic. II. Fair Type : Waty- or Straight Hahi, Lioot Eyes. Ke<ldish I Hair somewhat wavy, reddish: tall stature, dolichocephalic Nobthebn Ecropeak. white skin | Hair somewhat straight. fla.en; short stature, sub-brachycephaUc Eastern European. In this table the Littoral European (called together with its affluent, the Aras, drains a also Atlanto-Meditcrranean) corresponds with great part of Transcaucasia, emptying into the the Iberian of Kngli.^h writers: the Western Caspian. The much smaller Rion flows into the European, or Cevenole. is the Celtic, or Alpine, Bhiirk Sea. of authors ; the Adri.atic tvpe is the tall, brachy- The water system of the Caucasus belongs cephalic population of the northwest Balkan wholly to these two seas. Lakes are found only Peninsula; Nortlurn European ((iriespoiids with in Tntnscaucasia. The chief of them is the Teutonic, or Nordic, and Eastern European with Gokcha, or Sevanga, situated in Erivan. Its White Russian, or Lithuanian. altitude is above 0000 feet, its area over 500 Compare this scheme with Keane's divisions square miles. For further physiographical de- of the Caucasic peoples: (1) Homo europttus. — tails, see Caucasus Mountains. Scandinavians. North Germans, Dutch Flem- The varieties of climate effect sharp contrasts ings. most English. Scotch, and Irish: Thrako- in flora and fauna. From the northern pine on Hellenes, some Kurds, most West Persians, tlie lofty altitudes to the unusually luxuriant Afghans, Dards, and Siah-posh Kafirs: many growths in the basin of the Rion, where figs, Hindus. (2) Homo a/puiHs.— ilost French and pomegranates, etc.. flourish, there is an extraor- Welsh, South Germans, Swiss, and Tyrolese; dinarj' range of vegeUtion. The fauna ranges Russians, Poles. Czechs, YugoSlavs ; soiue Al- from the leopard, and even the tiger, to the com- banians and Rumanians: Armenians, many i"on European species of wild animals. Kurds. Tajiks (East Persians), Galchas, Indo- The mineral deposits of the Caucasus are re- nesians. (3) Homo meditcrranensis.— Most Iheii- garded among the richest m Russia, and its oil- ans, Corsicans, Sards. Sicilians. Italians, Greeks, wells are second only to those of the United Berbers, and other Hamites: Arabs and other States. There are piwluced annually nearly 10.- Semites; some Hindus: Dravidas, Todas, Ainus. 000,000 tons of petroleum, over 600,000 tons of The best modern works on the subject are: manganese ore, nearly 3000 tons of copper, l>e- Keane, Ethnology (Cambridge, 1806) : id.. Man: sides sulphur, cobalt, salt, and iron. Post and Present (Cambridge, 1809); Riplev, Owing to its mountainous surface, only about Haces of Europe (New York, 1809) ; Deniker, 13 Per cent, of the area of the Caucasus grows /faces of Man (London, 1000); Sergi, Mediter- Srain, conspicuously wheat. That portion is in ra/iea» Race (London 1901). the north, and produces nearly one-hfth as much _,,__,___', „'.'■.., „, „, wheat as European Russia proper. It also pro- CAUCASUS, ks^ka-sus (Lat., from Gk. Kay- ^^^^^ ^ j^j.^^ amount of hav— over one-tenth as Kocuf, K<nikasos, Fr. Caucase, Ger. Eatikasus, much as the product of European Russia proper. Russ. Kavkas). A region occupying the south- j^^ cultivation of the vine claims the chief east corner of Europe, and extending into Asia attention of the soil-tillers in Transcaucasia, (.Map: Russia. 1< 6) It extends from about ,^1,^^^ ,„„j^^h tobacco is also raised, besides some latitude 38 to 46 30 N., constituting the isth- ^ea and cotton. The Caucasus is a verv favor- n,us separating the Caspian from the Black Sea ,,^,g ^^.^Jq^ f,,^ live-stock growing. This industry and the Sea of Azov. Its area is about 180.000 j^ chiefly carried on by nomadic tribes, whose square miles. Russian Armenia is included in jj^^d^ .,^6 often extensive. The native horses are the southern i)art. j,elj ;„ ],;„■„ rep„te all over Europe for their Considered ethnologically and physically, the speed and endurance. Caucasus is the most interesting part of the Rus- ' xhe manufacttiring industries of the Caucasus sian Empire and one of the most interesting are but poorly developed. The natives make rugs countries. The .surface presents a wide diversity and long woolen cloaks, also harness, which is of aspects, since it comprises a low and marshy usually richly and tastefully trimmed with silver, region in the north, as well as the snow-clad peaks The riigs. as" well as the silver and gold articles of the Caucasus range. This range crosses the and weapons, show no little skill and artistic territory from northwest to southeast, and, vith sense, and are exported to some extent. In th° its off-shoots, occupies the larger part. manufacture of wine, primitive method? are The main range divides the country into mostly used, and the product is hardly known Northern Caucasia (Ciscaucasia) and Transcau- outsitle of Russia. casia. The former is. in the main, a level coun- The transportation facilities of the Caucasus, try, having lagoons, marshes, and steppes. Its although considerably improved since the comple- central elevation lies between the hcadstreams of tion of the Transcaucasian railway, are yet far the Kuma and the Terek, which flow into the from adequate. In many parts the pack-horse is Caspian, and those of the Kuban, an affluent of still alone used for transporting freight. The the Black Sea. Transcaucasia, or the region northern of the two railways connects the Cas- Bouth of the main Caucasus range, forms a strik- pian port Petrovsk with Novorossiisk, on the