Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/421

CATJLAINCOUKT. 359 CAUSALITY. Xapoleon's policy. He opposed the invasion of Kussia. After the burning of Aioscovv, Xapoleon selected him as his companion in liis llight to France. In 1S13 he was plenii)otenliary to the allied sovereigns during the campaign of Sa.xony, and as Jlinister of Foreign All'airs attended the congress at Chatillon, February, 1S14. After the abdication of Xapoleon. ("aulaineourl endeavored to make use of his inlluenee with Alexander to ob- tain the most favorable conditions for the fallen Emperor, and chiclly tinough his intervention the island of Klba was given to Xapoleon. During the Hundred Days t'aulaineourt resumed ollice as -Minister of Foreign Atfairs, and was made a peer. On the Second Kestoration, he retired to private life. He died in Taris, February 19, 1827. Consult Eileraux, t^ourenirs du due de Vicence (Paris. 1837-40). His brother. August Jean G.vbriel, Comte de Caulaincourt, liorn 1777, scn-ed with distinction in all the campaigns from 17!)2 to 1S12. when he fell in battle. CAUI-IFLO RY (from Lat. caitlis, Gk. kuv- ?.6c, haiilos, stalk + flos, flower). The produc- tion of (lowers from the old wood, as in the red- bud (Ccrcis) . This habit is very characteristic of tropical forests, in which case possibly the lliin hark explains its common occurrence. CAULIFLOWER (Lat. caulis, stalk, espe- cially of the cabbage, Gk. kuuM^; kaulos, stalk + jlowi'r, from Lat. flos, flower), Brassica ole- racea or botrytis. A form of cabbage in which the inflorescence, modilied into a Uattened bead or compact mass, is the edible part. It is a less strongly flavored and more delicate vege- table than cabbage, and is eaten boiled with sauce or pickled. Its culture is similar to that of cabbage (q.v.), but the jjlant is not so hardy and requires a richer and more moist soil. When the head begins to form the outer leaves of the |ilant are drawn up over it and fastened. This l)roduces a whiter and more marketable head. (For illustration, see Cabbage.) Cauliflower- seed, formerly produced almost entirely in Eu- rope, is now grown in commercial quantities in the vicinity of Puget Sound, Washington. There are a number of varieties of caulillower. but without marked dift'erenccs between them. Early Dwarf Erfurt and Snowball are among the best. Broccoli is simply a late maturing and more hardy form of cauliflower. CAULO'NIA (Lat., from Gk. KauAwwa, Kau- lOiiia ) . An ancient Achaean city in Italy, near the Gulf of Syllacium. It was a town of impor- tance five centuries before Christ. In n.c. 389 it was destroyed by Dionysius the Elder, and though mentioned later, never attained any prominence. It is said that Pythagoras sought refuge in Caulonia after his expulsion from Croton. CAULOPTERIS (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. xauXis, liaidofi, stalk + irrep/s, jiteris, fern, from irrepdv, pteron. wing, from irirtaBai, i^rttnthin. to fly). A genus of fossil trceferns usually recognized by their trunks and found in roeks of upper Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic age of many parts of the world. The name was first given by Lind- ley and Hutton to erect trunks found in the Carboniferous rocks, ^fore recently the genua has been found also in the lower Devonian of America and in the Permian and Trias of the Old World. The trunks show the places of attach- oient of the leaves, marked by sears, and these scars are arranged s])irally about the axis. The various species are recognized by the form and size of the sears, which are generally large and of a circular or oval outline with an iimer mark shaped like a horseshoe. Some of the finest examples found in America were obtained from the eorniferous limestones of the lower Devonian of Ohio. These were <leseribed by Xewberry, who c(jnsidered that they grew upon an island which occupied the vieinity of Cincinnati during a time when the remainder of Ohio and the Mississippi 'alley was (tovered by a shallow arm of the ocean. The leaves knowTi as Peeoi)tcris, so com- mon in the coal measures of the Appalachian region, are thought to be the foliage of Caulop- teris. CAUMONT, k6'm6N', Arcisse de (1810-73). A French areha'ologist, born in Bayeux (Calva- dos). He is known as the founder of the Societfi Fran<,'aise d'Archeologie pour la Conservation des jlonuments Xationaux, and thus of the syste- matic study of French arch:eology. The investi- gation of national antiquities he greatly fur- thered by such works as the Stotistique monu- mcnUile du Calvados (5 vols., 1846-17). CAURA, kou'ra. A river of South America, a tributary of the Orinoco, which rises in the southern part of Venezuela on the northern slopes of the Sierra Pacaraima, in a number of headstreams, chief of which is the AIcre-ari, and flows generally north-northwest through the Department of Bolivar (Map: Venezuela, E 2). It joins the Orinoco in about longitude 66° W. and, including the Merevari, it is over 400 miles long. CAUS, ko, or CAULX, Salomon de (1576- 1626). A French engineer and physicist wluj resided in England and in Heidelberg, and later in Paris. Little was known of him until Arago exhumed his works, from a study of which he reached the conclusion that he was the real in- A'entor of the steam-engine, for in one of these works he gave the plan of an apparatus for raising water by the power of steam. CAUSALITY (Fr. causality, from Lat. causaiis, causal, from causa, cause). The rela- tion in which cause stands to effect and effect to cause. Causation is the relation of cause to efl'eet. Of cause, causation, and causality, many views have been held. Aristotle was the first to de- vote much attention to the nature of causality, whereas many of his predecessors had spent much time on trying to discover particular causes for particular effects or some one general cause for the universe as a whole. But even Aristotle's contribution to the subject consisted rather in classification of various kinds of causality than in any satisfactory discussion of the ultimate nature of the relation between cause and elTeet. He enumerated four dilTercnt kinds of causes, which have ever since had a place in philosophy. These are the material, the formal, the eflicient, and the final. The first, or material, cause is what anything is made of, e.g. brass or marble is the material cause of a given statue. The fonnal cause is the form, tj-pe, or pattern, according to which anything is made; e.g. the stvle of architecture w-ould be the formal cause of a house. Again, the efficient causo is the power acting to produce the work, e.g. the manual energy of the workmen. The final