Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/459

CEDAR. 391 CEDAR MOUNTAINS. low cedar of the Pacific Coast is Chainwcyjiaris Kootkatcnsis. It is found from norlhcin tali- foriiia to Alaska. Tlie wood when seasoned is a beautiful light yellow, and takes a high polish, on which account it is highly esteemed for linish- ing lumlx'r and ealiiiiet - work. The Port Orford cedar {Cliama'ci/iHiris Laasoiiiaiia) is ((uite simi- lar, and is found in Oregon and California. There are nuiny horticultural varieties of these cedars in cultivation, that vary in their habit of growth and color of foliage. Among trees not allied to the conifers to which the name cedar is given are species of Cedrela, which furnish the wood from which cigar-boxes are so exten- sively made. The Australian cedar is of the same genus, the species being Cedrela toonti or Cedrela Australis. This is an important timber- tree which is put to many uses. It yields gum, a resin, and tanhark, in addition to timber. This or a similar species is found in India. The cedar- wood of (Juiana is from I'rotium altinsimuin. In Australia Mclia composita is called white cedar. CEDAR, Barbadoes {Cedrela odorata). A tree of the order Cedrelace;e, and of the same genus with the toona, a native of the West Indies and warm parts of America. It is called cedar in the West Indies. It is often upward of 80 feet high, with a trunk remarkable for thickness. It has panicles of tlowers resembling those of the hyacinth. The fruit, bark, and leaves have the smell of asafcetida. but the wood has an agree- able fragrance. Being soft and light, it is used for canoes and for shingles. Cigar-boxes are very generally made of it, and it supplies some of the wood used in the manufacture of lead- pencils. CEDAR-APPLES. Outgrowths of frequent occurrence upon the red cedar or juniper. They are caused bj- a fimgus, Gymnosporangiiim ma- cropus. ( For illustration, see Fc:xgi. ) During most of the season they may be seen as warts or knots of greater or less size on the twigs. At tirst they have about the same color as the branch, but later become brown. In the spring of the year they undergo a marked transforma- tion, and appear as horn - shaped masses of orange or yellow-colored jelly. These contain the spores of the fungus, and upon drying they are blown about. Lighting upon an apple-tree, they cause apjjle-rust. See, also, Apple Diseases, under Apple. CEDAR-BIRD, or Chekry-bird. See Wax- WIXG. CEDAR CREEK. A stream in Shenandoah County, Va.. falling into the Shenandoali lliver. On its banks, on October 19, 18G4, during the Civil 'ar, a Confederate force under General Early corapletelj- surprised Sheridan's army at daybreak, during its leader's absence, and forced it to retreat in considerable disorder back through Middletown: but about 10 o'clock the cavalry and part of Wright's corps (the Sixth) succeeded in checking the advance of the Con- federates. General Sheridan, who was just re- turning from Washington, was at Winchester when the firing began, but hastened to the front, and. rallying his troops, ordered a counter- charge at about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, llany of the Confederates had left their ranks to plunder the Federal camp, and in turn they broke and fled and were pursued as far as Fish- er's Hill. Xext day the retreat was continued to Xew Market. Sheridan's forces then returned to Kernstown for winter quarters. Sheridan had about 31,000 troops, and Early 18,500. The Federal loss was 014 killed, 3430 wounded, lo!)0 missing; the Confederate. S-20 killed, 1.340 «oinided, 1050 missing. Sheridan recaptured his lost guns and 23 of Early's. This battle ended the last attempt on the part of the Con- federates to strike the North through the Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan's famous ride from Winchester, his enthusiastic reception at the hands of his troops, and his remarkable suc- cess in turning a disastrous rout into a brilliant victory, form, perhaps, the most dramatic epi- sode of the Civil War. They have furnished the theme of a stirring jxjcm by T. Buchanan Read, "Sheridan's Kide." Consult Pond, The Hheiian- doah Valley in 186 'i (Xew York, 1883) ; and Slieridan, Personal Memoirs (3 vols., Xew York, 1888). CEDAR FALLS. A city in Black Hawk County, Iowa, 100 miles west of Dubuque, on Cedar Kiver, and on the Illinois Central, the Bur- lington, Cedar Rapids and Xorthern, and the Chicago and Great Western railroads (ilaj): Iowa, E 2). It is a manufacturing place of importance, having good water-power, and pos- sesses tlour, feed, oatmeal, pearl barley, paper, and planing mills, clothing-factories, corn-can- ning works, foundry, house-furnishing factory, feeder and stacker works, etc. The city has a public library. State normal library, and two parks, and is the seat of a State normal school, with 2000 students. Settled in 1845, Cedar Falls was first incorporated as a village in 1853. At present it is governed under the charter of ISfi.'i, which provides for a mayor, elected every two years, and a city coiuicil. Population, in" 1890, 3459; in 1000, 5319. CEDAR KEYS. A town and seaport in Levy County, Fla., on a small island just off the coast in the Gulf of ilexico, and on the Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad (Map: Florida, E 2). The harbor, which admits vessels of light draught, is formed by several small keys, on one of which is a tall lighthouse with a revolving light. The town has several sawmills, most of which cut red cedar wood for jieneils, which is a leading export. It has a considerable trade also in fish, ovsters, sponges, and lumber. Popu- lation, in 1900, 739. CEDAR MOUNTAIN. A hill in Culpeper County, Va., near which on August 9, lSt>2, u sharp battle was fought between 8000 Federals of Pope's army, imder General Banks, and about 24,000 Confederates under General Jackson. Banks gained a slight advantage at first, but was swept from the field by the spirited attack of Jackson's reserves. Pope's whole force advanc- ing, Jackson fell back toward Gordonsville to join General Lee. The reported losses were, for the Federals, 1601 killed and wounded and 723 missing; for the Confederates. 1283 killed and wounded and 31 missing. It was the first serious engagement fought by the Army of Virginia under Pope. Consult Ropes, The Army Under Pope (Xew York. ISSn. CEDAR MOUNTAINS. A mountain range of siiutluvcsl Cape Colony. South Africa, lying parallel with the Atlantic, and separating the valley of the Olifante River on the west from