in the Bohemian Museum in that city. In 1882 he became professor of botany at the Czech University of Prague. Among his numerous and valuable works are the following: Prodromus der Flora von Böhmen (1867-81); Ueber die morphologische Bedeutung der Samenknospen (1874); Die Gymnospermen (1890); Das Reduktionsgesetz der Blüten (1895).
CEL’ANDINE (OF. celidoine, Fr. chelidoine,
Lat. clu'lidoDia, from Gk. x^^"^"'"y clielidonioii,
swallow-wort, from ;(;t/'.iJui', chelidOii, swallow),
Chelidonium. A genus of plants of the order
Papaveracea" (the poppy family), having a corol-
la of four petals, and a podlike capsule. The
common celandine {Chelidoniiini majus) is a
perennial, with pinnate leaves, lobed leaflets,
and yellow flowers in simple umbels, frequent
under hedges, in waste places, etc., in Great Brit-
ain and most parts of Europe. It is also intro-
duced in various places in the United States. It
ilowors from ^May to September. The root, stem.
and leaves, when fresh, have a disagreeable smell,
and are full of a yellow juice, which is very
acrid, causing inflammation when applied to the
skin. Celandine is sometimes used in medicine;
it is a drastic purgative, and in large doses an
active poison: in small doses it is said to act
beneficially on the lymphatic s.ystem and on the
organs of secretion, and to be useful in jaimdice.
scrofulous diseases, disease of the mesenteric
glands, etc. The most prominent constituents
of the plant are sanguinarin. chelerythrin, cheli-
donin. protopin, chclidoxanthin. and chelidonic
acid.
CELANO, chi-lii'no. A town in the Province of Acpiila degli Abruzzi. South Italy, pictur- esquely situated on a hill at the north end of Lake Fucino (q.v. ), the ancient Laeus Fucinus. It was the seat of a count and a place of im- jHirtance pi'ior to 1223. when it was devastated by Frederick 11. The castle, founded in 1450. was the prison of Countess Covella, who was there immured by her son Rugierotto. The au- thor of Diefi irw, dies ilia, Beato Tommaso, was born in Celano. Popidation (commune), in 1901. 9904.
CELAS'TRtrS. Sep Waxwokk.
CELAYA, s&-la'yii. A city in Che State of Guanajuato, Mexico, 34 miles south of San Miguel de Allende, on the Rio (irande de San Jago, at the junction of the Mexican Central and Mexican National railroads (Ma|): Mexico. .17). It has a fine public square and the splendid church of Our Lady of Carmen, completed in 1798. which has a portico with handsome Co- rinthian columns and a spacious interior in the form of a Latin cross. The city manufactures soap, woolen goods, and saddles, and is noted for its candies. Xear the city are thermal springs. Celaya was founded in l.i70. and in Ifi.i.T was raised to the dignity of a city. It was sacked bv the Revolutionists in 1810. Population, in 189.'). 21,245.
CEL'EBES (the name of a native tribe). One of the larger islands of the Dutch East Indies, situated east of Borneo l)etwecn latitudes 1° 4.5' N. and .5° 45' S., and between longitudes 118° 49' and 125° 5' E (East Indies, F 5). It is .surrounded by the Celebes Sea on the north, the Molucca Sea on the east, the Flores Sea on the south, and the Strait of Macassar on the west. Its area is estimated at about 71,000 square miles.
In its shape Celebes is not unlike a starfish, the same general form being fovmd also in the adjacent island of Gilolo. It consists of four mountainous peninsulas, of which the northern, Menado, has a length of about 400 miles. The surface is largely mmintaiuous and reaches its highest elevation in Movint Bonthain, an extinct volcano, situated in the southern part of the island and exceeding in altitude 9.500 feet. There are also a number of active volcanoes in the eastern end of the peninsula of Menado, ranging in altitude from 5000 to over 8000 feet. The largest river is the Sadang, which rises in the central part of the island and Hows through the southern peninsula. Lakes are abundant, and hot si)rings also are found. The western coast is practically without any indentation, while the eastern coast forms the three sp.icious inlets of Tomini, Tomori, and Boni.
The climate is tropical, but somewhat modified by the elevation of the surface. The rainfall is more abundant in the north than in the rest of the island, laying in tlic centre of the Indian Archipelago, Celebes has a great tropical variety and wealth of both fauna and (loi-a. Among the animals peculiar to the island are the tailless baboon, the babirussa, with double tusks and re- curved horns rising out of the head midway between snout and eyes, the uuxrsupial cuscus, and the sai)i-outan or wild cow, besides several species of small birds. Deer, wild and tame buf- faloes, wild swine, sheep, goats, etc.. abound, and monkeys are innumerable. The forests include oak, teak, palm, cedar, and upas trees, while the bamboo, which furnislies material for habita- tions and every sort of implement, and even arti- cles of dress, is everywhere foimd. Cloves, nut- meg, spices, the tropical fruits, nuxize. rice, to- bacco, sugar, and indigo are easily raised. The geological composition of Celebes is only slightl.v known. The larger part is probably composed of sandstone and limestone, while the northern peninsula of ;Menado is of volcanic origin. The minerals of Celebes are .gold, iron. salt, copper, zinc, and coal. The coal, however, is of poor quality. The gold is in quartz veins, and occurs in deposits of sufficient richness to reward the mining companies, of which there are several.
For administrative purposes, the northern arm, Menado (and Minahasa) is organized, with the Sangir and Talaut islands, into Residency Xo. Xll.. while the west, centre, and south of Celebes, ^^■ith Sumbawa and other islands, are included in Residency Xo. XI. of Insulinde or Island India. Residency Xo. XIII. includes east- ern Celebes, Gilolo. and the IMoluccas and other islands between Celebes and X'^ew Guinea. The princes of Celebes have pretty nuich their own v,ay. being little interfered with by their Dutch residents as long as they pay tribute or bring forward the crops or forest products. Dutch mis- sionary operations have been very successful in this island. The coffee plantations established on the moiuitain slopes by the Dutch about eighty years ago, together with the revival of cacao cul- ture, have brought much wealth to the natives and their masters. Xo part of Insulinde has shown lx>tter the results of peace, good govern- ment, and missionary ojierations than certain portions of Celebes, especially Minahasa. Of late years, apart from the business of the Government.
