Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/466

CELIBACY. 398 CELIi. poilance in maintainiiis tin- cliaiaeU-r uiid diy- nilv of the piiustliood. Often a dispensation (,|V ) from the ol>lii,'ation of tcUhaev lias Ix-eii aecoided to ecelesiasties under exeeptional cir- cunislances. which seemed tu warrant a depar- ture from the jieneral hiw. These eiroumstanees were very often connected with the necessity ot providing heirs for noble families which were m danger of beconiin- extinct. Anion'; others, the'lollowini; mav be mentioned: In 1040. lien- edict IX disjienscd (.'asiniir. a monk of Cluny. for the sake of the P.ilish sucocssion. Constance daughter of Kin? Roper of Sicily, was dispensed from her vows as a nun by Celestine III. m 1 IH. in order to niairv the Kmncror Henry M. In 1648 Innocent X. dispensed a Jesuit father, John fasimir. who had been elected Kin?: of Toland. from the obligation of celibacy in or.ler again to preserve the succession. In niodern days the imly instan-e of a validation of priestly marriages is that by Pius VII. in the case of the French Coii- stitulionncls (the priests who bad accepted the civil constitution of the clergy and for a time had been practically separated from Rome), re- ceiving back into regularity, on their submis- sion, those who had married during the Kevolu- tion Dispensations are quite numerous m eases of persons belonging to the military relig- ious orders. x, t. «  The rule has been, especially since the Refor- mation, consistently rejected by those who sep- arated themselves from the Roman Catholic com- munion. Luther set the example to his followers bv inarrvin" a former nun; and both the mar- i-ia"e of 'ministers and the abolition of monastic vows became a common feature of those bodies which threw off their allegiance to Rome. Ihe Church of England in its articles of religion laid down the proposition that -Misboiis. priests, and deacons are not commanded by Cod's law. cither to vow the estate of sinulc life, or to abstain from marriage: therefore it is lawful for them, as for all other Christian men, to marry at their own discretion, as they shall judge the same to serve better to godliness." Consult: Zaccaria. fijnnn polcmica del cclihato .lacro (Rome. 1774* : Schniitt. Der PrifHtcrciiUhat (Miinster, 1S70) ; Lea. nixtorlral fletch of Sacerdotal Celibacy (Philadeli)bia, 1880). CELIMENE, sa'le'miin'. The principal char- acter in iloli&re's comedy Le misanthrope. She is :i vain, worldly coquette who has been careful to rid herself of all womanly emotion or senti- ment. She is looked upon, in the play, as the fiancee of Alceste, the ■misantluo])e.' but re- ceives addresses from Acaste and Clitandre, ig- nores her lover's protestations, refuses to go to the country and live simidy and naturally, and is finally released by him in disgust. She is the traditional stage coquette, and probably suggest- ed Millimunt in Congreve's Waii of the World. who is the stock artificial society woman in classic English drama. CELI'NA. A village and the eounty-.scat of Miner County, Ohio, nij miles southwest of Toledo, on the'Crand Reservoir and on the Lake Erie and Western, the Cincinnati Xorthem, and other railroads (Jlaii: Ohio, A 4). It has some manufacturing interests. Population, in 1890, 2702; in I'JOO, 281 '>. CELL (Fr.ceHe.Lat. cetla, Gk.icn/"i. lulia,Skt. sula, hut, connected w itli Lat. celare. to hide. Skt. iaruna. refuge). The general meaning, with the Romans as with us, was that of a storeroom or small apartment where objects of any kind were stowed awav, though it does not denote a sid)- terranean storeroom, like the English cellar. CeUa was also used to denote the inner room of an ancient temple (like the Greek vaii?), where the image of the god was placed. In modern architecture, the term vaulting cell signilies the hollow space between the jirincipal ribs of a ^aultcd roof. CELL. In early Christian usage, (1) a chaiiel erected over "a tomb: or (2) a monastic dwelling either of a single monk or of a com- niunity"subordinate to an abbey, and compelled to pay tithes to it. Its o<-cupants were obliged to present themselves at the abbey at stated times. CELL (in animals). The morphological and phvsiological visible unit of the body of organ- isms. It is essentially the same in plants and animals, and is usually of microscopic size. The volk, or vellow, of a hen's egg is, however, one cell. The name cell is something of a mis- nomer, for it implies a wall-inclosed chamber. But though manv cells, esi>ecially among plants, are provided with thick walls, these may be en- tirely absent, and, when present, are usually, in animals at least, exceedingly delicate. Coiisc- quentlv, we regard the cell-wall as of less im- portance than the cell-contents, which constitute the more active pints. The cell-content is known as protoplasm. The protoplasm consists of two main parts— a centrally placed, usually more or less spherical or ellipsoidal body called the nucleus, and the rest of the ])rotopIasm. called cytoplasm. Nucleus and cytoplasm are each de- ])"endent on the other, and botli are necessary to cell life. The nucleus is easily distinguished by the circumstance that it contains much sub- stance which is easily stained by various d.ves. This stainable substance is known as chromatin. The cytoplasm usually contains relatively large water-tilled spaces, called vacuoles, and small liarlicles of food-substance and other substances that are easily 'stained' — i.e. seize ujion the coloring matter of dyestutTs when placed in them. In its general structure protoplasm con- sists typically of water and the truly vital sub- stance" called' ]>Uisma. The plasma exists in a great variety of forms. Frequently it occurs in tilms surrov'inding little vesicles of water, as the films of foam surround air-spaces, or as the wax of the honeycomb surrounds the honey. Sometimes it seems to extend in fine threads through the water-spaces. Still, again, the water- epaces may be almost entirely absent. The liv- ing, 'active' protoplasm seems to be constantly in'^motion. as can be judged by the motion of the liarticles which flow in the transparent current. Resides these particles, larger masses, such as droiis of oil. pigment bodies, food-granules, and excretory bodies may be seen in the plasma or lodged in the water-spaces between the plasma- walls. The cell-wall, or cell-membrane, is produced by the cell itself, usually by a transformation of its own substance. It is frequently, at least, to be regarded as still made ii|> of living matter. In many cases, when the cell-wall is thick, it can be seen' to be perforated to permit of the passage of 1