Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/470

CELL. 402 CELLINI. generation (ganietophyte) . The rcdutUon in number takes place during the formation of spores. Wlien the nucleus uf the sperm fuses with that of the egg, the douljle number is re- stored. The splitting of the chroinusomes in the vegetative divisions, and perhaps also in the divisions oonccrncd in the reduction of chromo- somes, is longitudinal. Some of the (ibres of the spindle become attached to the chromosomes, half the number being drawn to one pole and half to the other, while a .series of granules, the be- ginning of a new cell-wall, appears on the fibres which stretch between the young nuclei. The wall becomes completed as the fibres disappear. In the formation of the endospcnn of seeds, and in some other cases, nuclear division may take place without being followed by the formation of a cell-wall — a phenomenon called free nuclear division. See Fertilization ; Cytology. CELTjA (l.ai. cell) . The name applied to the central chamber or mius of a Greek or Greoo- Komaii temple; sometimes limited to the most sacred inclosure, containing the chief object of veneration, and sometimes extended to include the antechamber or pronaos and the storehouse for native offerings in the rear. See Te.mple. CELLAMARE, tha'lya-mii'ra, Antonio del Gil DUE. Prince of {Hiol-l'S'S) . A Spanish dip- lomat, born in Naples. He was trained at the Spanish Court, and during the War of the Span- ish Succession was an active partisan of Philip V. In 1715 he was appointed Ambassador to France, where he was the leading figure in the conspiracy to effect the overthrow of the Duke of Orleans and obtain the French regency for Philip V. Consult Martens, Causes celebres du droit drs i/rns (2(1 ed. Leipzig, 1861). CELTLiARER (Fr. celUrier, Lat. cellerarius, from cf'?/(iMU»i, cellar, from ccHa, cell) . A per- son under the Roman emperors who supervised the domestic affairs of the household and exam- ined accounts. The same title was given in later times to the purveyors for monasteries or priests. As an oHiccr of a monastery the cellarer regu- lated every matter affecting provisions. CELLA'RIUS, Keller Ciiristopii (1638- 1707). A German scholar, born in Schmalkalden (Hesse-Nassau), lie was educated at the uni- versities of Jena and Giessen, and after holding posts as instructor or rector in various gym- nasia, was appointed professor of history and eloquence at Halle in 1693. By his manuals he promoted the knowledge of geography and his- tory, and by his editions of Latin authors greatly encouraged classical studies in Germany. Among his publications are ()rlhiiqra}>hin Latina (now cd. by Harles, 2 vols., 1768) and Xotilia Orhis Antiqui (new ed. by Schwarz, 2 vols., 1773). Consult Hail, Oratio de Vita el titudiis (Halle, 1875). CELLE, tsel'le. A town in the Prussian Prov- ince of Hanover, situated on the left bank of the navigable Aller, 23 miles northeast of Hanover (Map: Prussia, D 2). It consists of the old town and of a numtM>r of suburbs an- nexed to it during the second half of the Nine- teenth Century. Among the notable buildings are the castle, formerlj' (1369-1705) the resi- dence of the Pukes of Celle: a number of old churches with monuments of royal personages; and the Rathaus. dating from the Sixteenth Cen- turj-. The chief products of the town are woolen yarn, printer's ink, soap, tobacco, etc. It has a onsiderable trade in iuinber and salt. Celle is the seat of the supreme court of the province, and has a library of (iO,000 volumes, including a number of manuscripts. Population, in 1890, 18.!I01 ; in IIUIO, 19,872. CEL'LIER, Au-REO (1844-91). An English musician, born at Hackney. He was appointid organist of All Saints'. Ijlackheath, in 1862. and of Saint Alban's, London, in 1868. From 1S77 to 1879 he was the conductor of the Opera Comique, London. His works include some popu- lar songs and part-songs, compositions for piano- forte and orchestra, and several operettas and operas, including The Tower of London (1875) ; The Sultan of Mocha (1876); The Spectre Knight (1876); Jn the Sulks (1880); and The Mountebanks (with book by W. S. Gilbert; pre- sented in 1892). He also"set to music (1881) Longfellow's Masque of Pandora and (1883) Gray's IJler/i/. CELLINI, chel-le'ne, Ben^mtto (1500-71). An Italian sculptor and goldsmith. He was bom in Florence. In com]ilian<e with the wishes of his father, Cellini devoted himself to music until his fifteenth year, but his desire to learn design- ing prevailed, and he became a pujiil of the sculp- tor Marconi. .s the result of a duel in which he was concerned he was forced to leave Florence, and after wandering from town to town finally went to Rome. Here he attracted the attention of Pope Clement VII. by his beautiful designs. Cellini became the greatest worker in precious metals of his time. From his autobiography we leani that he was also initiated in "the mys- teries of the brass-foundry, the methods of ham- mering iron, the secrets of chiseling steel for medals, and casting dies. . . . Enameling and niello formed special branches of his craft ; nor could architecture be neglected." He was em- ployed to fashion silver vases, to design medals and settings for jewels, to enamel bookbindings, cast portraits in bronze, and decorate sword- blades — in fact, to exercise his perfect art on court trappings, palace decorations, and the per- sonal adornment of those who figured in the splendid society that existed in the days of the French and Italian Renaissance. Cellini was in Rome when it was besieged by the Constalilc de, Bourl)on. and, according to his own account, it was he who killed both the Constable and the Prince of Orange. Several not very honoi-able ad- ventures necessitated frequent changes of scene at this period of Cellini's life. He went to Flor- ence and ^lantua and then returned to Rome, where he worked under Michelangelo. At Rome he was employe<l bv many distinguished patrons of art, but alterwards was allowed to return to Florence, whence he had previously lied on ac- count of an 'atlray.' Compelled to leave Flor- ence a second time by reason of another 'affray,' he went back to Rome again. There his life was given up as usual to brawling, dueling and art- work, as he himself narrates. Francis 1. invited him subsequently to his Court, and Cellini stayed in France five years, the recipient of a pension and title from the King. There he modeled the bronze relief of the "Nymph of Fontainebleau (now in the Louvre), a line specimen of his work. Upon his return from Fiance, where he had alienated himself from every one at the Court by his quarrels and eccentricities, Cellini went to Florence, and found a friend there in Cosinio