Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/473

CELLINI. •403 CELLULOSE. <le' Medici. During this period lie produced tlte br:>iize statue of Perseus with the head of Medusa I Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence). This statue, which is colossal, prove.s that Cellini was essentially a worker in the small. Although the figures are a marvel of technical excellence and the work i.s heantiful in conception, the statue is lacking in simplicity of modeling and breadth of treatment and is overwrought in iletail. In the Vienna Art .Museum is a salt-cellar of won- derful workmanship, regarded as his masterpiece in golilsniith's work. It is of embossed gold and enamel, ornamented with figures of Xeptune and I'yliele in high relief. It was in such examples of decorative work that Cellini excelled. That which required the skill of a perfect crafts- man ap]icaled most readily to his imagination. Though always an admirer of Michelangelo, he had not, like that master, an intellectual ideal, and never seemed to look l)eyond the production of mere beauty in his figure work. In his fifty- eighth year he began to write his autohiogiapliy, and during this time he shaveil his unsanctimo- nioiis head and retired to a monastery. But two years afterwards he returned to the reckless. dissolute life he had led in his youth. He died in Florence. February 2.^. 1.571. and was buried in the Church of Santa . nunziata. It is not the existing examples of Cellini's art alone that make his name memorable. His place is made definite by his remarkable personalitj- as be- trayed in his autobiography, which has been translated by Goethe and others. He lived in a time when the passions of men were uncon- trolled, and Cellini hfmself embodied them all. His acts of hatred, theft, murder, and sensuality are all set forth in writing, and he also portrays in strong phraseology- the scenes, political, social, and ecclesiastical, that made up the history of liis contemporaries. His Avords give vivid pic- tures of that period of the Renaissance as well as of his own turbulent, brilliant career. The best Italian edition of his works is by Guasti (Florence. ISOl) : English translation. The Life of Benvenulo Cellini, by Symonds (New York. ISSS). Consult also the fine biography by Plon, fienvenuto Cellini, orfirre, m^dtiilleur. sculijtcur (Paris, 1SS2, supplement, 1.SS4I. CELL OF PEATJCELLIEK, pis' ly&'. See LIXK.VGE.S. CELLTJLAB TISSUE. See Co.nxecti-e Tis- sit:: HisToLooY. CELLULITIS (Neo-Lat., from hat. celluln, dim. of eella, cell), or Etiimtpiiitis (Neo-Lat., from Gk. ififtor, (thtnos. colander + iv/, hyphe, web ) . A diseasetl condition of the subcutaneous areolar tissue and connective tissue, presenting <edema, swelling, hardness, bogginess, fluctuation, suppuration, and sometimes sloughing. It is u.sually preceded by a wcmnd. such as the bite of an animal, or an infecteti lesion of some sort. A dissection wound is a common type. The pain is severe, and there are generally somewhat grave constitutional symptoms, as fever, severe head- ache, nausea, prostration, loss of appetite, and ceneral weakness. Salines, iron, and sometimes stimulants are useful, with incisions to relieve tension or to let out the products of suppuration. Sec Phlegmasia. CELLULOID (Lat. ce11ul<i. little cell, dim, of rellii. cell ) . A substance of modern invention widely used in the arts as a substitute for ivory, india-riibl)or. and leather, and for many other pur- po.-«s. Celluloid was first made in England by a Mr. Parkes, of Birmingham, in 1856, and was given at first the name jiarkcsinc. Its manu- facture was develojied in America by John W. Hyatt, of Newark, N. J., in 18U9, who is said to have made the invention indei)endentl.v. Cel- luloid is obtained by nii.xing gum camphor with pyro.xlin (guncotton pulp) in the proportion of about two parts of p.roxyIin to one of cam- phor. The usual process is to dissolve the cam- phor in the least possible quantity of alcohol and sprinkle it over successive layers of the dry pyroxylin, until the desired thickness is reached. The mass, thus treated, sinks into transparent lumps and in this form is worked for an hour between cold rollers, and then between rollers which are slightly heated. The mass is next subjected to hydraulic pressure for twenty-four hours in a room kept at a temjierature of 70° F. It is then cut into sheets of the desired thickne-ss and allowed to dry for fourteen days, when it is ready to be manufactured into articles. It is also manufactured in the form of a liquid coat- ing to be applied to other materials, such as cot- ton, linen, or paper, or for use in other ways. Any color can lie given to celluloid by the use of coloring matter during the process of manu- facture. Some of the advantages of celluloid, besides its cheapness and durability, are that it takes a high polish, does not warp or discolor, and is impenious to moisture. As ordinarily manufactured, it is highly inflammable. CELLULOSE (from Lat. cellula, dim. of cella, cell). The chief constitutcnt of the cell- walls of ail vegetable cells. These walls consti- tute the plant-skeleton and also form a protective covering for the sensitive, living protoplasm. In certain plants the reserve food is stored up in the form of cellulose. The relative chemical composition of cellulose is shown by the formula, CjIIioOj; its molecular structure is, however, ex- ceedingly complex, probably much more so than that of starch, to which it is chemically allied. True cellulose is not found in animal tissues, thougii considerable amounts of it are digested and absorbed by man and especially by the herbi- vora ; its digestion is probably etrected by a spe- cific enzvine, of the action of which, however, nothing is at present positively known. The chief value of its digestion by the animal organ- ism has been assumed to consist in this, that when it is dissolved, the true foodstufif of the cells is liberated and becomes available. Cellu- lose is manufactured on a large scale from wood, cotton, linen rags, hemp, flax, and similar ma- terials of vegetable origin. Being insoluble in all ordinary solvents, it may be readily separated from the other constituents, which arc soluble in water, alcohol, ether, dilute alkali, or dilute acids. It is often further purified by treatment with a cold mixture of nitric acid and potassiinn chlorate (Schulze's reagent). The stability of cellulose is so great that considerable quantities of it are preserved imaltered through the process of formation of coal, in which its presence may be demonstrated by means of suitable reagents. It is soluble in an ammoniacal solution of cupric oxide, from which it separates out in a pure state on addition of acid; the precipitate is washed with alcohol, and the cellulose is thus obtained in the form of a white amorphous powder. The action of sulphuric acid on cellulose de-