Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/481

CEMENT. 411 CEMETERY. stituted for the beeswax, and less red used, a inucli liottcr cement is made. Hucilagc is a uaiiie applied to a great variety of sticky or gummy preparations used for fasteniuf; paper and other lifilil materials togollicr. It is some- times a thiekened acjueuus solution of gum, and sometiuies a preparation of dextrin, glue, or other adhesive materials generally containing some preservative substance or compound, as creosote or salicylic acid. BiBLlOGBAi'iiY. Anu)ng the best books treat- ing of hydraulic cements are: Spalding, Xotes on Uistory and Use of Hydraulic Cement (Itha- ca, 1893) ; Baker, .1 Treatise on Masonry Con- struction (New York, 1H89) ; Candlot, Ciments et chuujc hydruiili(jues ( I'aris, 1897). See, also, BriLuiXG: Mort.vr: Concrete; Foundations; I.soNRV: Kilns. CZMENTA'TION. In petrography, the pro- cess by which loose materials, such as sands, gravels, and fossil casts, are con.solidated into tirm rocks. Cementation is caused by the deposition of mineral matter from solutions which have penetrated the loose materials. By this process sands and gravels become quartzites and conglomerates, while the shells of fossils, if calcareous, yield limestones. The most common cementing substances are quartz, calcite, and iron ores. See Sandstone ; Limestone ; and Co.NGLOMERATE. CEMENTATION" PROCESS, ix Steel-Mak- ing. See Ikon .vnd Steel. CEMETERY (OF. ccmetiere, Lai. cocmite- rium, Gk. koi/i//t//i)wv, koimeterion, sleeping place, later graveyard, from Koifniv, koiman, to put to sleep, from nciTiiac, keisthai. to lie down). A graveyard or other place of dejjosit for the dead. The term is used with particular reference to those extensive ornamental burial-grounds which have been established in the United States and other countries, as the practice of burying within and around churches has gradually been aban- doned. (See BiRiAL. ) There was at first a natural feeling of regret at the prospect of de- serting places of deposit for the dead so hallowed by ancient use and associations as the church and the churchyard, but in many instances such places were in reality surroimded by degrading, disgusting, and unsanitary circumstances. On the other hand, the new places of interment be- gan to develop humanizing and elevating influ- ences, in the way of beautiful trees and Howers, natural scenery, and artistic montmients. The fine burial-grounds of the Turks, extx-nding over large tracts and adorned by cypress and other trees, may have suggested the desirability of such cemeteries to Europeans. .round Constanti- nople the cemeteries are located in vast tracts of woods under whose branches stand thousands of tombstones. It is the custom never to reopen a grave, and a new resting-place is given to every one, with the result that the dead now oc- cupy a wider territory than that which is covered by the homes of the living. The Turks believe that until the body is buried the soul is in a state of discomfort, and the funeral therefore takes place as soon as possible after death. No coffin is used. The body is laid in the grave and a few rough boards placed about it and then the earth is shoveled in. care being taken to leave a small opening from the head of the corpse to the surface of the ground. This method, from Vol., IV.— 27. a sanitarj' standpoint, is preferable to the cus- tom of using double wood or even metallic eoltins, for as little as possible should be done to inter- fere with the speedy dissolution of the bodj' into its elements. The famous P6re Lachaise, in Paris, is the most celebrated of modern cemeteries, although by no means the largest. It was laid out in 180+, and comprises about 110 acres, and about 20,000 monuments erected to the memory of nearly all the great men of France of the Nineteenth Cen- tury. Twice this cemetery and the neighboring heights have been the scene of desperate fight- ing. In 1814, during the attack on Paris by the Allies, it was stormed by a Russian eohmm; and in 1871 the Comnuinists made their last stand among these tombs, w'here 900 of them were killed, 'MO being bviried in quicklime in one huge grave, and 700 in another. Paris has also the cemeteries of Montjiariiasse and Montmartre, besides many smaller burial-grounds. In 1874 a very large cemetery was laid out 16 miles north of Paris, covering nearly 1300 acres. In France every city and town is required by law to provide a burial-ground beyond its barriers, properly laid out and planted, and each inter- n;cnt must take place in a separate grave. This law dues not apply to Paris, however. There the dead are buried 40 or 50 at a time in the fosses communes, or the cemeteries outside of the city limits, the poor being interred gratuitously, and a charge being made in all other eases. The fosse, when full, is left undisturbed for five years ; then all the crosses and other memorials are removed, the level of the groimd is raised four or five feet by fresh earth, and interments begin again. For 50 francs a grave can be leased for five years: but when permanent monuments are desired the ground must be ])urchased in fee. Pit-burial is also practiced in Naples and in other cities of Continental Europe. In one of the Neapolitan cemeteries a pit is opened each day in which all the burials of the day are made. At ni^ht a joint funeral service is held for all and the pit is filled, not to be opened for a year. In English cities, about 1840. the people began to discuss the dangers to public health arising from the condition of the graveyards surrotind- ing and the vaults within and luiderneath the great churches. In London these receptacles were literally crammed with coH'ms. and the sur- rounding air was infected to a dangerous degree. CoSins were piled upon each other until they came w'ithin a few inches of the surface of the ground, and then the ground was raised from time to time until its level came nearly up lo the lower windows of (he cl[urch. To make room for new burials old bones were thrown out, and this led to systematic robbing of graves for the sake of the coffin-plates and the ornaments sometimes buried with the bodies. The result of this action and discussion was an entire change in the system. Burials within the limits of the cities and villages were prohibited, and as a necessity niral cemeteries were founded. The chief cemeteries of London at present are: Kcnsal Green, on the Harrow Road, 2% miles from Paddinglon ; Highgate, on a slope of Higli- gate Hill; .bney Park, the Norwood, and Nun- head cemeteries, on the south ; the West London C'cnicterj' at Brompton; Ilford and I.eystone cemeteries in Essex; the Victoria and Tower Hamlets cemeteries in East London; while